WHO西太区与世界中医药学会联合会中医名词术语国际标准比较研究：五官部分

The terms related to the five sensory organs in traditional Chinese medicine are somewhat limited as compared with those of the basic theory of traditional Chinese medicine. For this reason there are only 28 terms of sensory organs included in WHO International Standand Terminologies on Traditional Medicine in the Western Pacific Region （abbreviated as WHO Standard）.     

脚注：道教医学用语译介的补偿手段

Taoist medicine in recent years aroused the interest of Western readers groping for alternative ways to wellbeing and longevity. Encyclopedia of China defines Taoist medicine as such, ＂in pursuit of long life and immortality, Taoism not only absorbed the achievement of traditional Chinese medicine （TCM）, but also attained a great deal of medical knowledge and technology through its long history of cultivation. Medicine taking, internal elixir method, external elixir method, Dao-yin, as well as immortality pill, Taoist magic figures and spell used by witch doctors and so forth are closely associated with TCM. To date, its medicine and pharmacology have become an integral part of TCM.     

WHO西太区与世界中医药学会联合会中医名词术语国际标准比较研究：形体部分

The terms concerning body constituents in traditional Chinese medicine, comparatively speaking, are somewhat limited because the components of human body are limited. So altogether there are only 29 included in WHO International Standard Terminologies on Traditional Medicine in the Western Pacific Region （abbreviated as WHO Standard）, and 48 in International Standard Chinese-English Basic Nomenclature of Chinese Medicine compiled by World Federation of Chinese Medicine Societies （abbreviated as WFCMS Standard）.     

医学英语语篇中名词化隐喻的功能及翻译

名词化是医学英语语篇的重要特征,在英语医学语篇中扮演着重要角色。文章从语法隐喻的角度探讨了名词化在医学英语语篇中的功能及其对医学英语翻译的启示。     

医学英语的词汇特点及翻译微探

医学英语有着专业性强、词汇量大、结构复杂的特点。对医学英语的翻译要从其基本构成单位的词汇入手。本文探讨了医学英语词汇的构词、来源、同义词的选择等方面的特点,和如何利用这些特点对医学英语进行有效的翻译。     

EIF2B and Oligodendrocyte Survival: Where Nature and Nurture Meet in Bipolar Disorder and Schizophrenia?

Bipolar disorder and schizophrenia share common chromosomal susceptibility loci and many risk-promoting genes. Oligodendrocyte cell loss and hypomyelination are common to both diseases. A number of environmental risk factors including famine, viral infection, and prenatal or childhood stress may also predispose to schizophrenia or bipolar disorder. In cells, related stressors (starvation, viruses, cytokines, oxidative, and endoplasmic reticulum stress) activate a series of eIF2-alpha kinases, which arrest protein synthesis via the eventual inhibition, by phosphorylated eIF2-alpha, of the translation initiation factor eIF2B. Growth factors increase protein synthesis via eIF2B activation and counterbalance this system. The control of protein synthesis by eIF2-alpha kinases is also engaged by long-term potentiation and repressed by long-term depression, mediated by N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and metabotropic glutamate receptors. Many genes reportedly associated with both schizophrenia and bipolar disorder code for proteins within or associated with this network. These include NMDA (GRIN1, GRIN2A, GRIN2B) and metabotropic (GRM3, GRM4) glutamate receptors, growth factors (BDNF, NRG1), and many of their downstream signaling components or accomplices (AKT1, DAO, DAOA, DISC1, DTNBP1, DPYSL2, IMPA2, NCAM1, NOS1, NOS1AP, PIK3C3, PIP5K2A, PDLIM5, RGS4, YWHAH). They also include multiple gene products related to the control of the stress-responsive eIF2-alpha kinases (IL1B, IL1RN, MTHFR, TNF, ND4, NDUFV2, XBP1). Oligodendrocytes are particularly sensitive to defects in the eIF2B complex, mutations in which are responsible for vanishing white matter disease. The convergence of natural and genetic risk factors on this area in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia may help to explain the apparent vulnerability of this cell type in these conditions. This convergence may also help to reconcile certain arguments related to the importance of nature and nurture in the etiology of these psychiatric disorders. Both may affect common stress-related signaling pathways that dictate oligodendrocyte viability and synaptic plasticity.     

Transfer RNA in the hybrid P/E state: correlating molecular dynamics simulations with cryo-EM data

Transfer RNA (tRNA) transiently occupies the hybrid P/E state (P/E-tRNA) when mRNA-tRNA are translocated in the ribosome. In this study, we characterize the structure of P/E-tRNA and its interactions with the ribosome by correlating the results from molecular dynamics simulations on free tRNA with the cryo-EM map of P/E-tRNA. In our approach, we show that the cryo-EM map may be interpreted as a conformational average. Along the molecular dynamics trajectories (44 ns, 18 ns, and 18 ns), some of the snapshots prove to be quite close to the observed density. In a representative structure, the CCA (3') arm is uniquely twisted, and the anticodon stem loop is kinked at the junctions to both the anticodon loop and the D stem. In addition, the map shows that the P/E-tRNA is no longer bound to helix H69 of 23S rRNA and is flexible, and the conformations of helices H68 and h44 of 16S rRNA differ from those in the x-ray structure. Thus, our study presents structural and dynamic information on the P/E-tRNA and characterizes its interactions with the translocating ribosome.     

Measurement issues in the use of cognitive neuroscience tasks in drug development for impaired cognition in schizophrenia: a report of the second consensus building conference of the CNTRICS initiative

This overview describes the goals and objectives of the second conference conducted as part of the Cognitive Neuroscience Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (CNTRICS) initiative. This second conference was informed by a series of online surveys and brought together basic and clinical scientists from academia and industry to address the concerns central to each field of research. Our goal was to develop recommendations for future research addressing the psychometric and practical challenges involved in translating paradigms from cognitive neuroscience into tasks that are feasible for use in the treatment discovery and development process. In this overview article, we describe the series of talks that were presentations at the conference. This article serves as an introduction to the set of articles included in this special issue that provide overviews and discussions of the issues raised and the recommendations made in these talks and in the subsequent discussions at the meeting. In addition, we describe the online surveys conducted in the month before the conference that were used to obtain suggestions from the field as to important task selection criteria and to generate initial benchmark goals for psychometric development for cognitive neuroscience tasks.     

Specific interaction between Sam68 and neuronal mRNAs: implication for the activity-dependent biosynthesis of elongation factor eEF1A

In cultured hippocampal neurons and in adult brain, the splicing regulatory protein Sam68 is partially relocated to the somatodendritic domain and associates with dendritic polysomes. Transfer to the dendrites is activity-dependent. We have investigated the repertoire of neuronal mRNAs to which Sam68 binds in vivo. By using coimmunoprecipitation and microarray screening techniques, Sam68 was found to associate with a number of plasticity-related mRNA species, including Eef1a1, an activity-responsive mRNA coding for translation elongation factor eEF1A. In cortical neuronal cultures, translation of the Eef1a1 mRNA was strongly induced by neuronal depolarisation and correlated with enhanced association of Sam68 with polysomal mRNAs. The possible function of Sam68 in Eef1a1 mRNA utilization was studied by expressing a dominant-negative, cytoplasmic Sam68 mutant (GFP-Sam68DeltaC) in cultured hippocampal neurons. The level of eEF1A was lower in neurons expressing GFP-Sam68DeltaC than in control neurons, supporting the proposal that endogenous Sam68 may contribute to the translational efficiency of the Eef1a1 mRNA. These findings are discussed in the light of the complex, potentially crucial regulation of eEF1A biosynthesis during long-term synaptic change.