Self‐reported quantity of daily water intake and urine output in healthy young

Water is an essential nutrient and adequate intake and output of water is required for health maintenance. Water homeostasis is vital for life and optimal function and considerable interest surrounds the issue of recommendations for water consumption in healthy individuals. Few studies are available about self‐reported water intake and urine output. The aim of this study was to assess the quantity of water intake and urine output in 24‐h period in healthy young individuals. This prospective study was carried out on 31 students aged 18–24 years undergoing nursing education in a University during January 2011 in Sakarya, Turkey. Healthy young individuals were recruited for determination of the quantity of water taken in and urine excretion along 24 h; they recorded fluid input and urine output. The students collected the data during weekend break. In our study, the total daily fluid intake (mL) for females was 2082·6 ± 687·1 and the total daily fluid intake (mL) for males was 2720·8 ± 717·4. The total daily quantity of urine (mL) for females was 1623·4 ± 602·4 and the total daily quantity of urine (mL) for males was 1818·3 ± 420·6. This research may be the source for similar studies that could include seasonal changes, climates, cultures and different age groups.     

Pupil and salivary indicators of autonomic dysfunction in autism spectrum disorder

Dysregulated tonic pupil size has been reported in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Among the possible sources of this dysregulation are disruptions in the feedback loop between norepinephrine (NE) and hypothalamic systems. In the current study, we examined afternoon levels of salivary alpha‐amylase (sAA, a putative correlate of NE) and cortisol (used to assess stress‐based responses) in two independent samples of children with ASD. We found a larger pupil size and lower sAA levels in ASD, compared to typical and clinical age‐matched controls. This was substantiated at the individual level, as sAA levels were strongly correlated with tonic pupil size. Relatively little diurnal variation in sAA taken in the home environment in the ASD group was also observed, while typical controls showed a significant linear increase throughout the day. Results are discussed in terms of potential early biomarkers and the elucidation of underlying neural dysfunction in ASD. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 55: 465–482, 2013     

康复新液对头颈部肿瘤放疗后重度放射性口腔黏膜炎的治疗作用及对唾液腺的保护作用

目的探讨康复新液对头颈部肿瘤放疗后重度放射性口腔黏膜炎的治疗作用及对唾液腺的保护作用。方法选取2016年10月—2019年10月在鄂东医疗集团市中心医院完成根治性放疗且发生重度放射性口腔黏膜炎的116例头颈部肿瘤患者,按随机数字表法将所有患者分为治疗组和对照组,每组各58例。在常规治疗的基础上,治疗组给予康复新液含服,10 ml/次,3次/d;对照组给予复方氯己定含漱液10~20 ml含漱,2次/d。分别于治疗前、治疗后第7天、治疗后第14天测量两组患者唾液流率、口腔p H值,应用ELISA法检测唾液淀粉酶及表皮生长因子水平。比较两组患者治疗疗效、口腔黏膜愈合时间及口腔真菌感染发生率。结果治疗后两组患者的唾液流率及口腔p H值均呈升高趋势(P<0.01);且治疗后治疗组患者唾液流率及口腔p H值均显著高于对照组患者同期,两组比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01)。治疗后两组患者AMS和EGF水平均呈升高趋势(P<0.01);且治疗后治疗组患者AMS和EGF水平显著高于对照组患者同期水平(P<0.01)。治疗后治疗组口腔黏膜愈合时间优于对照组,两组比较差异有统计学意义(t=6.167,P<0.01)。治疗第7天,治疗组有7例发生口腔真菌感染,对照组有16例发生口腔真菌感染,治疗组口腔真菌感染发生率为12.07%,对照为27.59%,两组比较差异有统计学意义(χ²=4.393,P<0.05)。治疗后治疗组总有效率为89.66%(52/58),对照组总有效率为68.97%(40/58),两组比较差异有统计学意义(χ²=7.565,P=0.006)。结论康复新液能提高对重度放射性口腔黏膜炎的治疗疗效,促进损伤黏膜的愈合,降低口腔真菌感染的发生率,其机制可能与促进唾液淀粉酶及表皮生长因子的分泌,提高唾液流率及口腔p H值有关。     

Phthalate metabolites and bisphenol A in urines from German school-aged children: Results of the Duisburg Birth Cohort and Bochum Cohort Studies

Some phthalates and also bisphenol A (BPA) interfere with the human endocrine system and are labelled as reproductive toxicants. Children's exposure to these contaminants is suspected to be associated with developmental disorders and other health impairments.We provide biomonitoring data on 21 urinary phthalate metabolite and BPA levels in first morning urine of 8–10 year old children. Participants were children born between 1999 and 2002 of the Duisburg birth cohort (8–9 years, N = 113) and of the Bochum cohort study (8–10 years, N = 352). Additionally, for the Duisburg birth cohort we compare current data of children from Duisburg (8–9 years) with data from 2 years earlier when the children were 6–7 years old. We analyzed influences of important covariates on exposure levels by multiple regression analysis and those from two sampling time points by generalized equation estimation models adjusted for important covariates. Compared to recently published studies the phthalate metabolite and BPA concentrations were within the range of background levels. There were no significant differences between children from Bochum and Duisburg. Comparison between the two Duisburg birth cohort data sets (2007–2008 and 2009–2010) showed significant correlations for most of the phthalate metabolites (r_Spearman between 0.25 and 0.51; p ≤ 0.05) but not for BPA (r_Spearman= 0.162; p = 0.143). Most of the phthalate metabolites in the groups of the 6–7 and 8–9 years old Duisburg children were negatively associated with higher age, except for BPA concentrations with nearly constant levels. Exposure levels may be influenced by changes in child specific exposure patterns with age but also by the rapidly changing phthalate market.     

小儿泌尿感染50例临床分析

目的：对小儿泌尿系统感染的临床特征、致病细菌分布以及耐药情况进行深入分析。方法：选取本院2009年7月-2012年7月确诊为泌尿感染的患儿50例，对其临床特征、实验室检查以及病情治疗等临床资料进行回顾总结。结果：小儿泌尿感染多发生于婴幼儿以及女童这一群体，其临床表现缺少典型性，尿培养是此病重要的诊断依据。尿培养之前未使用抗生素的患者其尿培养的阳性率明显比使用了抗生素者高。尿培养产生的细菌主要是大肠埃希菌，对此病菌敏感的药物主要包括哌拉西林他唑巴坦、丁胺卡那霉素、头孢他啶、亚胺培南、以及环丙氟哌酸等。结论：小儿泌尿感染其症状通常缺乏特殊性，因此，儿科医生要注重对患者原因不详的血尿、少尿、遗尿、尿道口红肿、腰痛、腹痛以及顽固性质的尿布皮炎等患者进行尿常规等检查。一旦发现异常情况，尽量在抗生素使用前进行尿培养，并及时使用抗菌敏感类药物治疗。此外，还要注意检查泌尿的畸形以及包茎等潜在的因素，提高临床的诊断准确性和治愈率。     

Evaluation of plasma 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and plasma 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) as tumor markers in children with neuroblastoma

Catecholamines and their metabolites are important in the diagnosis of neuroblastoma (NB). Plasma (p-) levels of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) are increased in most NB, probably reflecting decreased DOPA decarboxylase activity. Urine (u-) homovanillic acid (HVA), a DOPA and dopamine (DA) metabolite, is also increased in most NB. DOPAC (3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid) is an important metabolite of DA in tissues with monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity. Because MAO is expressed in NB tumor cells, we studied the importance of measuring p-DOPAC and p-DOPA as compared to u-HVA and u-vanillylmandelic acid (VMA) in the diagnosis and follow-up of NB. DOPAC, DOPA, dopamine, noradrenaline, adrenaline, VMA and HVA were measured by reverse-phase HPLC with electrochemical detection in 106 children (28 with NB (13 newly diagnosed), 25 with other solid tumors, 28 hospitalized for nonneoplastic diseases, and 25 healthy children). P-DOPAC or p-DOPA concentrations were above the upper normal range in 92% of untreated NB patients, as were u-HVA or u-VMA levels. None of these tumor markers was correlated to tumor stage or survival. P-DOPA but not p-DOPAC was correlated to age in NB children. Increased values of p-DOPAC and p-DOPA were found in one patient surviving NB for 10 years. Plasma DOPAC concentrations were decreased in children hospitalized for non-NB diseases, probably reflecting reduced food intake. Plasma analyses of DOPA and DOPAC seem to be useful alternatives in the diagnosis and follow-up of NB if urine sampling is to be avoided. Plasma DOPAC may be an index of nutritional status in various diseases.