Effect of distension on adrenergic innervation of the rat urinary bladder

Summary The effect of distension on adrenergic innervation was investigated in the rat urinary bladder. Bladders were distended for 3 h by forced diuresis and ballon obstruction, and specimens were taken from the bladder dome, body and neck for the demonstration of glyoxylic acid-induced fluorescence of catecholamines. Depletion of catecholamines started after 10 h and was almost complete after 2 days. The fluorescence had recovered part way after 5–7 days and was practically normal after 21 days. Small, intensely fluorescent (SIF) cells in the ganglia continued to leak catecholamines throughout the 21-day study period. The primary clinical success of distension therapy for the treatment of unstable bladder may be at least partly due to a reversible disturbance in the function of the adrenergic nerves, which have an excitatory alpha-adrenergic dominance in such cases, but the persistent leakage from SIF cells raises the question of whether distension causes prolonged disturbances in bladder function.     

Ultrasound evaluation of female urinary incontinence

Thirty women, 25 with incontinence and five asymptomatic volunteer control subjects, were evaluated urodynamically by a variety of techniques, including ultrasound cystourethrography. The ultrasound evaluation was found to be a helpful adjunct in diagnosis. In comparison with radiologic techniques it offers more safety, more comfort, more privacy, more viewing time, and less cost. Bladder and urethral morphology during voiding activity and the amount and direction of urethrovesical mobility are easily determined by utilizing ultrasound techniques.     

Renal growth after neonatal urinary tract infection

This study presents the result of 12–21 years' follow-up in a group of children with neonatal urinary tract infection (onset within 1 month after birth) in whom early renal growth retardation was noted without concomitant classical renal scarring. In all cases the neonatal infection was diagnosed and treated within a few days of onset and the patients were closely supervised thereafter. Renal length, parenchymal thickness and area were measured at urography. At first follow-up (22 children, mean age 4.1 years) a significant reduction of renal parenchymal thickness was noted. Long-term follow-up (18 patients, mean age 17 years) demonstrated a normalization of renal size in the entire group, although less complete in the subgroup with reflux. There were two major findings in the present study. Firstly, renal growth retardation was seen after neonatal infection, both with and without reflux. Secondly, normalization of renal size in previously small kidneys was demonstrated, suggesting that growth retardation can be a reversible phenomenon. The tendency for such normalization was slightly more marked in children without reflux. Reduction of parenchymal thickness without calyceal deformity, therefore, does not necessarily mean irreversible damage, and differentiation between permanent scarring and temporary growth retardation can thus only be made at later follow-up, possibly not until after puberty. The demonstration of renal growth retardation in spite of early diagnosis and treatment emphasizes the great vulnerability of the kidney in the newborn.     

肾移植术后肺部感染的诊断与治疗

目的探讨肾移植术后肺部感染的诊断与治疗。方法对21例肾移植术后肺部感染的病原体及其致病特点、诊断、治疗等临床资料进行分析。结果21例肾移植术后肺部感染患者中单纯细菌感染6例(28.57%),真菌感染2例(9.52%),巨细胞病毒(CMV)感染2例(9.52%),结核菌感染1例(4.76%),混合感染9例(42.86%),病原体不清1例。2例予以呼吸机辅助治疗。19例治愈,治愈率为90.48%,2例直接死于肺部感染。结论肾移植术后肺部感染患者应早期行病原学诊断,积极有效抗感染,及时调整免疫抑制方案。     

The role of infection and vaccination in the genesis of optic neuritis and multiple sclerosis in children

This article describes the association between previous infection and/or vaccination and the development of optic neuritis (ON) in 18 children. Ten of these children subsequently developed clinically definite multiple sclerosis (MS), while in 8 patients a clinically definite etiology could not be confirmed. Vaccination preceded the first ON attack in 6 patients, all but one of whom subsequently developed MS. It also preceded subsequent demyelinating events in 6 patients. Ten of the patients had a bacterial or viral infection within the 2 weeks prior to the first symptoms of ON. Intrathecal antibody synthesis against 2 or more viruses could be shown in 5 out of 8 patients studied; 5 out of 6 patients had oligoclonal antibodies in CSF and 12 out of 16 patients a high IgG index. Neither intrathecal antibody synthesis against 2 or more viruses nor elevated IgG indexes could be found in the control patients. Measles and mumps occurred at a significantly later age in the children who subsequently developed MS than in the control children, and these patients had significantly more events that might have impaired the blood-brain barrier than the controls. These results indicate that immunological events leading to MS may be triggered during childhood. Vaccination and infection often precede ON in childhood. Intrathecal viral antibody production can occur already in childhood at the time of the first symptoms of MS.     

全膀胱切除回肠膀胱术15年总结(附196例报告)

目的　评价全膀胱切除治疗膀胱肿瘤的疗效及回肠膀胱术的远期效果。　方法　回顾性分析 1985年 1月至 2 0 0 0年 1月膀胱肿瘤行全膀胱切除回肠膀胱术 196例的临床资料。　结果　膀胱肿瘤累及膀胱颈部或膀胱三角区者 12 6例 (6 4.3 % ) ,浸润性膀胱癌 145例 (74.0 % ) ,移行细胞癌183例 (93.4% )。术后发生近期并发症 19例 (9.7% ) ,远期并发症 10例 (7.4% )。 135例随访 1～ 15年 ,平均 6 .6年 ,5年生存率 6 6 .2 %。　结论　全膀胱切除是浸润性膀胱癌首选治疗方法 ,回肠膀胱术简单易行 ,长期随访显示其并发症少 ,疗效确切 ,仍是一种较为理想的尿流改道方式。     

全去带乙状结肠原位可控膀胱术25例随访报告

目的：探讨全去带乙状结肠原位可控膀胱术的临床效果。方法：对25例施行该术式术后患者的可控性、尿动力、血清电解质、肾功能、生活质量等进行随访观察。结果：25例随访2－15个月，平均11．3个月。白天完全自控排尿25例（100％）；夜间完全自控排尿24例（96．0％），1例偶有遗尿；贮尿囊容量220－370ml，平均320ml；贮尿囊内压力1．86－3．92kPa，平均2.44kPa。IVU及贮尿囊造影示单侧贮尿囊输尿管反流2例（8．0％），无肾积水；膀胱镜检查2例（8．0％）贮尿囊内出现细沙样结石，1例（4．0％）贮尿囊后尿道吻合口狭窄，经尿道直视内切开术治愈。15例（60．0％）男性患者保留性功能，肾功能正常，1例（4．0％）出现一过性高氯血症。结论：全去带乙状结肠原位可控膀胱术手术成功率高，疗效可靠，患者生活质量高，是一种较理想的尿路分流术，值得推广。     

检验专业医学生HBsAg感染率的调查

目的：了解检验专业学生入学时和毕业前的HBsAg感染率的情况，找出引起检验专业学生HBsAg感染率升高的原因，为制定切实有效的预防措施打下牢固的基础。方法：对该专业学生进行入学时和毕业前采用ELISA法检查HB-sAg。结果：3届学生入学时HBsAg感染率差异无显著性，性别间HBsAg感染率差异无显著性，社区医学专业学生HBsAg感染率入学时与毕业前比较差异无显著性，而检验专业学生HBsAg感染率入学时与毕业前比较差异有显著性。结论：部分检验专业学生没有树立正确的安全范意识，自我保护能力较差，从而造成了自身的感染。     

Increased occurrence of free immunoglobulin light chains in cerebrospinal fluid and serum in human immunodeficiency virus-1 infection

The presence of free immunoglobulin light chains (FLCs) in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and sera of patients with human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) infection, multiple sclerosis (MS), and neurologically healthy control individuals was investigated by paying special attention to ensure that only truly free light chains would be detected. The FLCs were extracted by specifically binding them to Sepharose-coupled anti-FLC monoclonal antibodies, and thereafter they were electrophoresed and immunoblotted with monoclonal antibodies to both light chain (LC) isotypes. A frequent occurrence of kappa and lambda FLCs was found in both CSF and sera of HIV-1 infected patients. In HIV-1 infection and in MS, the frequency of FLCs of the CSF was equal. In healthy controls, only occasional weak FLCs were observed in either CSF or serum. FLC bands of the CSF from patients with HIV-1 infection tended to be more intensive than those of the appropriately diluted sera. Both intrathecal synthesis of FLCs and their transudation from sera through the impaired blood-brain barrier (BBB) may contribute to this. Increasing severity of general HIV-1 infection was accompanied by an increase of FLC intensity in sera. A qualitative demonstration of FLC in the CSF may be meaningful only in the absence of altered BBB function.     

经T管窦道网篮取石治疗胆道残余结石

目的：采用非手术方法治疗胆道残余结石，方法：应用介入方法经T管窦道网蓝取石，结果：治疗39例。取得了满意的疗效。成功率达92．3％，结论：经T管窦道网蓝取石治疗胆道残余结石，是一种简便，安全、有效的治疗方法。