The association between meat intake and the risk of coronary heart disease in Korean men using the Framingham risk score: A prospective cohort study

Background and aimsResearch suggests that meat intake may increase the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD), but most studies take place in Western countries, where the types and amount of meat products consumed differ from those in Asian countries. We aimed to identify the association between meat intake and CHD risk in Korean male adults, using the Framingham risk score.Methods and resultsWe used data from the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study (KoGES) Health Examinees (HEXA) study, including 13,293 Korean male adults. We estimated the association of meat intake with ≥20% 10-year CHD risk using Cox proportional hazards regression models to calculate the hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Subjects with the highest total meat intake had a 53% (model 4: HR 1.53, 95% CI 1.05–2.21) increased 10-year CHD risk compared to those with the lowest intake. Those with the highest red meat intake had a 55% (model 3: HR 1.55, 95% CI 1.16–2.06) increased 10-year CHD risk compared to those with the lowest intake. No association was observed between poultry or processed meat intake and 10-year CHD risk.ConclusionsConsumption of total meat and red meat was associated with a higher risk of CHD in Korean male adults. Further studies are needed to provide criteria for the appropriate meat intake by meat type to reduce CHD risk.     

甘油三酯葡萄糖乘积指数及结合肥胖指标与心血管疾病关联的前瞻性队列研究

目的 探讨新疆生产建设兵团维吾尔族人群甘油三酯葡萄糖乘积指数（TyG）及结合肥胖指标与心血管疾病（CVD）的关联。方法 基于新疆生产建设兵团维吾尔族人群队列，纳入11 833名研究对象。采用Kaplan-Meier法估计TyG及结合肥胖指标各四分位数组的CVD累积发生率；采用Cox比例风险回归模型评估TyG及结合肥胖指标与CVD发病的关系；采用弗雷明汉CVD风险评分模型（Framingham模型）评价TyG及结合肥胖指标加入是否可以改善模型预测能力；采用中介效应分析探讨肥胖与CVD发病关联中TyG的潜在中介作用。结果 研究对象年龄为（37.00±13.67）岁，51.0%为男性。队列中位随访时间为5.67年，新发CVD 1 288名。CVD累积发病率随TyG及结合肥胖指标四分位数升高而增加，与Q₁组相比，TyG、TyG-BMI和TyG-WHtR的Q₄组CVD发病风险分别增加20%（HR=1.20，95%CI：1.01~1.42）、77%（HR=1.77，95%CI：1.46~2.16）和68%（HR=1.68，95%CI：1.36~2.09）。TyG、TyG-BMI和TyG-WHtR分别加入Framingham模型后，模型曲线下面积、净重新分类指数和整体鉴别指数均有提升。BMI、WHtR与CVD发病关联中，通过TyG介导的中介效应比例为10.55%和11.50%。结论 新疆生产建设兵团维吾尔族人群中，TyG及结合肥胖指标水平升高与CVD发病风险显著相关，以TyG-BMI与CVD关联最为密切。早期监测TyG-BMI有助于识别CVD高危人群。     

Combined effects of high sensitivity C-reactive protein and triglyceride–glucose index on risk of cardiovascular disease among middle-aged and older Chinese: Evidence from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study

Background and aimsHigh sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) and triglyceride glucose (TyG) index were proved to be independent risk factors of cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, individual hsCRP or TyG index might not provide sufficient predictive value on CVD risk. The current study aimed to evaluate the cumulative effect of hsCRP and TyG index on CVD risk prospectively.Methods and resultsA total of 9626 participants were enrolled in the analysis. The TyG index was calculated as ln(triglyceride [mg/dL] × fasting glucose [mg/dL]/2). The primary outcome was new-onset CVD events (cardiac events or stroke), and the secondary outcomes were new-onset cardiac events and stroke, separately. Participants were divided into 4 groups through the median of hsCRP and TyG index. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using multivariable Cox proportion hazard models. From 2013 to 2018, 1730 participants experienced CVD (570 stroke and 1306 cardiac events). Linear associations were found between hsCRP, TyG index, hsCRP/TyG ratio and CVD (all p < 0.05). Compared to participants with low hsCRP/low TyG index, multivariable adjusted HRs (95% CIs) for those with high hsCRP/high TyG index were 1.17 (1.03–1.37) for CVD. No interaction of hsCRP and TyG index was found on CVD (p_-interaction ≥0.05). Furthermore, adding hsCRP and TyG index simultaneously to conventional risk model improved risk reclassification for CVD, stroke and cardiac events (all p < 0.05).ConclusionThe present study suggested combination of hsCRP and TyG index might better improved the ability for risk stratification of CVD among middle-aged and older Chinese.     

Carboxylesterase 1 family knockout alters drug disposition and lipid metabolism

The mammalian carboxylesterase 1 (Ces1/CES1) family comprises several enzymes that hydrolyze many xenobiotic chemicals and endogenous lipids. To investigate the pharmacological and physiological roles of Ces1/CES1, we generated Ces1 cluster knockout (Ces1^–/–) mice, and a hepatic human CES1 transgenic model in the Ces1^–/– background (TgCES1). Ces1^–/– mice displayed profoundly decreased conversion of the anticancer prodrug irinotecan to SN-38 in plasma and tissues. TgCES1 mice exhibited enhanced metabolism of irinotecan to SN-38 in liver and kidney. Ces1 and hCES1 activity increased irinotecan toxicity, likely by enhancing the formation of pharmacodynamically active SN-38. Ces1^–/– mice also showed markedly increased capecitabine plasma exposure, which was moderately decreased in TgCES1 mice. Ces1^–/– mice were overweight with increased adipose tissue, white adipose tissue inflammation (in males), a higher lipid load in brown adipose tissue, and impaired blood glucose tolerance (in males). These phenotypes were mostly reversed in TgCES1 mice. TgCES1 mice displayed increased triglyceride secretion from liver to plasma, together with higher triglyceride levels in the male liver. These results indicate that the carboxylesterase 1 family plays essential roles in drug and lipid metabolism and detoxification. Ces1^–/– and TgCES1 mice will provide excellent tools for further study of the in vivo functions of Ces1/CES1 enzymes.     

Longitudinal association between triglyceride glucose index and depression progression in middle-aged and elder adults: A national retrospective cohort study

Background and aimsPsychological symptoms are prevalent among individuals with non-communicable diseases, while the longitudinal association between triglyceride glucose (TyG) index, an indicator of metabolic health, and depression progression remains unclear yet. This study aims to investigate the association of baseline TyG index and depression progression in middle-aged and elder adults.Methods and resultsThis retrospective cohort study enrolled 8287 participants aged 45 years or above from national China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study in visit 1 (2011–2012), which were biennially followed for depression score until visit 4 (2017–2018). Multivariate-adjusted regression models were used to evaluate the association of baseline TyG index with the individual level change rate and slope of depression score. The mean age (±SD) of participants was 58.25 ± 9.10 years, and 3806 (45.9%) were men. There was no significant difference of depression score at baseline across TyG quartile groups (P = 0.228). Participants in the highest quartile of TyG index had a 0.124 (95% CI: 0.018–0.230) higher change rate of depression score, and a 0.127 (95% CI: 0.019–0.235) higher change slope, compared to those in the lowest. The observed associations were consistent in multiple sensitivity analyses, and stable in men, the elder, and overweight people.ConclusionTyG index is positively associated with depression progression especially in men, the elder and overweight people, which provides new insights for the primary prevention of depression disorder.