Reliability and Validity of the King's Health Questionnaire for Male Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms in Taiwan

Objectives: To investigate the reliability and validity of the King's Health Questionnaire (KHQ), and understand the impacts of lower urinary tract symptom (LUTS) on health‐related quality of life (HR‐QoL). Methods: A cross‐sectional design was used and a convenience of 393 men participated in the study. The reliability was measured by testing the Cronbach's α coefficients. Factor analysis was used to explore the underlying factor structure of the KHQ. The discriminant validity was assessed using the one‐way analysis of variance (ANOVA) tests with post hoc analysis (Games‐Howell method) by comparing the differences scores in KHQ domains between men with three LUTS severity groups (mild, moderate, and severe). Results: Men with severe, moderate, mild LUTS accounted for 7.9, 25.4, and 66.7%, respectively. Internal consistency of KHQ was excellent with Cronbach's α coefficients of 0.750–0.943. Factor analysis showed three underlying components to explain constructive validity. The KHQ subscores in both the severe and moderate LUTS groups were significantly higher than those in mild LUTS group (all P < 0.05), implying that the discriminant validity was adequate. Excepting for two single‐item questions, the first three greater disparities in KHQ domains between the severe and mild LUTS groups were “Emotion”, “Sleeping/Energy”, and “Physical limitation”, while the least disparities was found in “Personal relationships” domain. Conclusion: LUTS could produce a substantial impact on different domains of HR‐QoL. The traditional Chinese KHQ has suitable reliability and validity for men with general LUTS, and might be a useful tool for HR‐QoL measure in future.     

Wisconsin card sorting test as a measure of frontal pathology: A review

We reviewed studies of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) in which the test was administered to subjects with and without evidence of focal frontal-lobe dysfunction. This review indicated that few studies had investigated the differential performance of normals and those with frontal dysfunction. The evidence that frontal patients perform more poorly than nonfrontal patients is weak. There is insubstantial evidence to conclude that the WCST is a measure of dorsolateral-frontal dysfunction. The clinical utility of the test as a measure of frontal-lobe dysfunction is not supported nor is the use of the test as a marker of frontal dysfunction for research purposes.     

Effort Testing in Contemporary UK Neuropsychological Practice

A survey of members of the British Psychological Society Division of Neuropsychology (N = 588) was conducted via email to ascertain current practice with respect to the use of symptom validity testing (SVT) in clinical and legal neuropsychological assessments. Replies were received from 130 practicing neuropsychologists. Results showed that 59% frequently use SVT in legal assessments, but a minority (15%) employ them in clinical assessments. Practice in the UK is only moderately different to that in North America with respect to frequency of use of SVT, although methods employed showed greater diversity. Favored tests, respondents’ justifications for use of SVT and rationales for not using SVT are reported.     

“Good Old Days” Bias Following Mild Traumatic Brain Injury

A small percentage of people with a mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI) report persistent symptoms and problems many months or even years following injury. Preliminary research suggests that people who sustain an injury often underestimate past problems (i.e., “good old days” bias), which can impact their perceived level of current problems and recovery. The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of the good old bays bias on symptom reporting following MTBI. The MTBI sample consisted of 90 referrals to a concussion clinic (mean time from injury to evaluation = 2.1 months, SD = 1.5, range = 0.8–8.1). All were considered temporarily fully disabled from an MTBI and they were receiving financial compensation through the Worker's Compensation system. Patients provided post-injury and pre-injury retrospective ratings on the 16-item British Columbia Post-concussion Symptom Inventory (BC-PSI). Ratings were compared to 177 healthy controls recruited from the community and a local university. Consistent with the good old bays bias, MTBI patients retrospectively endorsed the presence of fewer pre-injury symptoms compared to the control group. Individuals who failed effort testing tended to retrospectively report fewer symptoms pre-injury compared to those patients who passed effort testing. Many MTBI patients report their pre-injury functioning as better than the average person. This can negatively impact their perception of current problems, recovery from injury, and return to work.     

Differential sensitivity of the Response Bias Scale (RBS) and MMPI-2 validity scales to memory complaints

The MMPI-2 Response Bias Scale (RBS) is designed to detect response bias in forensic neuropsychological and disability assessment settings. Validation studies have demonstrated that the scale is sensitive to cognitive response bias as determined by failure on the Word Memory Test (WMT) and other symptom validity tests. Exaggerated memory complaints are a common feature of cognitive response bias. The present study was undertaken to determine the extent to which the RBS is sensitive to memory complaints and how it compares in this regard to other MMPI-2 validity scales and indices. This archival study used MMPI-2 and Memory Complaints Inventory (MCI) data from 1550 consecutive non-head-injury disability-related referrals to the first author's private practice. ANOVA results indicated significant increases in memory complaints across increasing RBS score ranges with large effect sizes. Regression analyses indicated that the RBS was a better predictor of the mean memory complaints score than the F, F_B, and F_P validity scales and the FBS. There was no correlation between the RBS and the CVLT, an objective measure of verbal memory. These findings suggest that elevated scores on the RBS are associated with over-reporting of memory problems, which provides further external validation of the RBS as a sensitive measure of cognitive response bias. Interpretive guidelines for the RBS are provided.     

Derivation of a Composite Measure of Embedded Symptom Validity Indices

Assessment of effort on cognitive testing has become a suggested standard in both forensic and clinical neuropsychological assessment. Both stand-alone and empirically derived embedded measures have been developed, however guidelines for combining several measures are not always available. This study used logistic regression analysis to derive a multivariable composite to detect suboptimal effort using scores extracted from commonly administered neuropsychological tests. A model predicting suboptimal effort, as defined by performance on the Medical Symptom Validity Test, was created with 124 participants using variables from the California Verbal Learning test 2nd edition, Rey Complex Figure Test and the Wechsler Memory Scale 3rd edition. The model reliably predicted suboptimal effort (χ^2?=?44.37, p?<?.001) with excellent discrimination (AUC?=?.84).     

Symptom Validity Test Failure Indicates Invalidity of Neuropsychological Tests

Neuropsychological and symptom validity test results from 220 archival cases were analyzed to determine if failing a symptom validity test (SVT) affects the relationship between neuropsychological tests and brain damage. Results reveal that among those who failed either the Word Memory Test (WMT) or the Computerized Test of Attention and Memory (CTAM) there was no correlation between the results of 25 commonly used neuropsychological tests and objectively determined brain damage. For those who passed SVTs, the expected relationship between neuropsychological tests and brain damage was found. Consistent with earlier findings, effort had a greater effect on test performance than did brain damage. SVT performance was not correlated with either brain damage or the presence of external incentives. Results indicate the need for symptom validity testing in all cases and that failure of a single SVT can invalidate the expected brain–behavior relationship that underlies neuropsychological test interpretation.     

Self-Report of Psychological Function Among OEF/OIF Personnel Who Also Report Combat-Related Concussion

MMPI-2 RF profiles of 128 U.S. soldiers and veterans with history of concussion were examined. Participants evaluated in forensic (n?=?42) and clinical (n?=?43) settings showed significantly higher validity and clinical elevations relative to a research group (n?=?43). In the full sample, a multivariate GLM identified main effects for disability claim status and Axis I diagnosis across numerous MMPI-2 RF scales. Participants with co-morbid PTSD and concussion showed significant Restructured Clinical and Specific Problem scale elevations relative to those without Axis I diagnosis. Participants with PTSD and active disability claims were especially prone to elevate on FBS/FBS-r and RBS. Implications for neuropsychologists who routinely administer the MMPI-2/RF in the context of combat-related concussion are discussed.     

Re-Examination of the Rey Word Recognition Test

The Rey Word Recognition Test, a brief and simple to administer free-standing neurocognitive performance validity test, was examined in a large known-groups sample (122 credible patients and 134 non-credible patients). Total correctly recognized was the most sensitive score, identifying 54% of non-credible participants using a cut-off of ≤6, while maintaining specificity of approximately 90%. However, specifically rates were somewhat lower in credible individuals with <12 years of education or borderline intelligence, or who were bilingual (spoke English as a second language, or learned English concurrently with another language), indicating that cut-offs may require minor adjustment in these groups. Sensitivity rates were much higher in non-credible female versus male mild traumatic brain injury patients (mTBI; 68% versus 48% for total correct), suggesting that the Rey Word Recognition Test is particularly effective in identifying performance invalidity in female mTBI compensation seekers.     

Abuse,Not Financial Incentive,Predicts Non-Credible Cognitive Performance in Patients With Psychogenic Non-Epileptic Seizures

Participants with psychogenic non-epileptic seizures (PNES) who fail symptom validity testing (SVT) perform worse on neuropsychological testing than those who do not, consistent with results found in participants with different clinical presentations (e.g., mild traumatic brain injury). However, little is known about how variables typically associated with SVT failure in other populations (e.g., the presence of financial incentives, exaggerated report of psychopathology) correlate with SVT failure in participants with PNES. Likewise the relationship between SVT failure and reported abuse, one of the most frequently described demographic characteristics of the PNES population, has not been examined. We found that failure on the Word Memory Test (WMT) in 91 participants with PNES was strongly associated with reported abuse but, contrary to expectations, was not associated with the presence of financial incentives or severity of reported psychopathology. These results indicate that the factors driving WMT failure may differ significantly in participants with PNES in ways that are potentially clinically relevant.