氧化应激在动脉粥样硬化中的作用

在病理条件下,机体内促氧化应激酶激活、线粒体呼吸链异常、氧自由基清除能力下降,导致氧自由基和促氧化因子生成增多.上述有害物质累积引起动脉管壁和血液成分发生相应的改变,如内皮依赖性舒张功能减退、炎性细胞因子激活、内皮结构破坏、血管平滑肌细胞增殖以及泡沫细胞形成等,从而在动脉粥样硬化的发生和发展过程中发挥着关键作用.目前,针对抗氧化治疗在心脑血管事件预防中的作用存在争议,有待进一步研究.     

Large-scale determinants of intestinal schistosomiasis and intermediate host snail distribution across Africa: does climate matter?

The geographical ranges of most species, including many infectious disease agents and their vectors and intermediate hosts, are assumed to be constrained by climatic tolerances, mainly temperature. It has been suggested that global warming will cause an expansion of the areas potentially suitable for infectious disease transmission. However, the transmission of infectious diseases is governed by a myriad of ecological, economic, evolutionary and social factors. Hence, a deeper understanding of the total disease system (pathogens, vectors and hosts) and its drivers is important for predicting responses to climate change. Here, we combine a growing degree day model for Schistosoma mansoni with species distribution models for the intermediate host snail (Biomphalaria spp.) to investigate large-scale environmental determinants of the distribution of the African S. mansoni-Biomphalaria system and potential impacts of climatic changes. Snail species distribution models included several combinations of climatic and habitat-related predictors; the latter divided into “natural” and “human-impacted” habitat variables to measure anthropogenic influence. The predictive performance of the combined snail–parasite model was evaluated against a comprehensive compilation of historical S. mansoni parasitological survey records, and then examined for two climate change scenarios of increasing severity for 2080. Future projections indicate that while the potential S. mansoni transmission area expands, the snail ranges are more likely to contract and/or move into cooler areas in the south and east. Importantly, we also note that even though climate per se matters, the impact of humans on habitat play a crucial role in determining the distribution of the intermediate host snails in Africa. Thus, a future contraction in the geographical range size of the intermediate host snails caused by climatic changes does not necessarily translate into a decrease or zero-sum change in human schistosomiasis prevalence.     

Contribution of the WHHL rabbit,an animal model of familial hypercholesterolemia,to elucidation of the anti-atherosclerotic effects of statins

This year marks the 40th year since the discovery of a mutant rabbit showing spontaneous hyperlipidemia, which is the proband of the Watanabe heritable hyperlipidemic (WHHL) rabbit strain, an animal model of familial hypercholesterolemia, and the first statin, a general term for inhibitors of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase, a rate limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. Nowadays, statins are the primary drug of choice for treating cardiovascular disease. Although several reviews have described clinical trials and in vitro studies of statins, the anti-atherosclerotic effects of statins on animal models have not been comprehensively reviewed. This review summarized the contribution of WHHL rabbits to elucidating the anti-atherosclerotic effects of statins in vivo. Studies using WHHL rabbits verified that statins suppress plaque destabilization by reducing unstable components (foam cells derived from macrophages, foam cell debris, and extracellular lipid accumulation), preventing smooth muscle cell reductions, and increasing the collagen content of plaques. In addition, the expression of matrix metalloproteinases and tissue factor are decreased in intimal macrophages by statin treatment. Lipid-lowering effects of statins alter plaque biology by reducing the proliferation and activation of macrophages, a prominent source of the molecules responsible for plaque instability and thrombogenicity. Although statins remain the standard treatment for cardiovascular disease, new therapeutics are eagerly awaited. WHHL rabbits will continue to contribute to the development of therapeutics.     

硫化氢通过调控p38丝裂原活化蛋白激酶抑制阿霉素引起的心肌细胞损伤

目的 研究硫化氢(H2S)是否通过调控p38丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(MAPK)通路保护H9c2心肌细胞对抗阿霉素(DOX)引起的损伤.方法 应用DOX处理心肌细胞建立心肌细胞损伤模型.为观察H2S的保护作用,在DOX处理心肌细胞前,应用400 μmol/L硫氢化钠(NaHS,为H2S的供体)预处理细胞30 min.Western blot法测定p38MAPK蛋白的表达水平;应用细胞计数试剂盒8(CCK-8)比色法测定细胞存活率;Hoechst 33258核染色法观察细胞凋亡的形态学改变;双氯荧光素(DCFH-DA)染色荧光显微镜照相测定细胞内活性氧(ROS)水平.结果 在15 ～60min的时间范围内,5μmol/L DOX呈时间依赖性地上调心肌细胞磷酸化p38MAPK的表达水平;在DOX作用心肌细胞前,400 μmol/L NaHS预处理30 min能明显地抑制DOX对p-p38MAPK表达的上调作用,并能显著地阻断DOX引起的心肌细胞损伤,使细胞存活率升高、凋亡细胞数量和ROS生成均减少;与NaHS的保护作用相似,p38MAPK的抑制剂SB203580(3 μmol/L)预处理60 min能保护H9c2心肌细胞对抗DOX引起的损伤.结论 p38MAPK通路参与DOX对心肌细胞的损伤作用;H2S可通过抑制p38MAPK通路保护心肌细胞对抗DOX诱导的损伤.     

寄蝇——附西宁地区寄蝇17种名录

寄蝇为昆虫纲双翅目寄蝇科昆虫,其幼虫寄生于农林业害虫的幼虫体内,因而是农林业害虫的天敌。利用这一天敌在防制农林业害虫上有许多优点。摸清当地寄蝇种类、生态,可为保护利用寄蝇提供资料。在西宁地区我们采集到61只寄蝇,经鉴定为16属17种。     

Peroxisomes and Hepatotoxicity

Peroxisomes are ubiquitous organelles of eukaryotic cells and are present in significant amounts in hepatic liver cells. Peroxisomal enzymes contribute to several metabolic pathways including fatty acid, purine and amino acid catabolism or bile acid synthesis. The peroxisomal oxidative reactions produce hydrogen peroxide, mostly degraded by catalase which prevents oxidative stress. Moreover, peroxisomes are involved in arylderivative drug detoxification through its epoxide hydrolase activity.In rodents the exposure of cells to xenobiotic compounds such as fibrates, phthalates/adipates and chlorophenoxyacetic acid derivatives, which are used as hypolipaemic drugs, plasticizers and pesticides respectively, lead to a liver mass increase and to a high peroxisome proliferation. This latter event is due to a strong genetic activation triggered by the PPAR (peroxisome proliferator activated nuclear receptor).Human contrasts with rodent since there is no, or little, effect of the above cited compounds. In contrast, the defect of single or multiple peroxisomal functions caused by genetic disorders lead to an increase of very long chain fatty acid level, which is toxic, especially for brain and kidney. The liver response to xenobiotics of the peroxisome proliferator class may be modulated by auxiliary compounds such as hormones (e.g. thyroid hormone) or nutriments (e.g. retinoids).Originally presented at the Second European Comparative Clinical Pathology Conference, Dijon.     

浙江产桑螵蛸常见原昆虫种类研究

经对浙江产三种桑螵蛸的原昆虫螳螂作种类调查和鉴定，发现有６种常见螳螂所产的桑螵蛸符合《药典》性状规定，初步证实团螵蛸的原昆虫有中华大刀螳，枯叶大刀螳；黑螵蛸的原昆虫有勇斧螳，广斧螳；长螵蛸的原昆虫有绿污斑螳，棕污斑螳。并对６种螳螂的学名，桑螵蛸及卵粒的性状差异，原昆虫种类进行探讨。     

南充地区蚊类调查研究

在我区的13个县(市),经30余年不间断地调查了不同生态环境的蚊类,共发现7属15个亚属55个蚊种,其中4个蚊种为我省新纪录。     

麻仁润肠口服液对肠道及排便的作用的实验研究

本文就麻仁润肠口服液的药理作用急性毒性进行了实验研究。药效实验表明，麻仁润肠口服液对结失水型便秘小鼠的排便功能有促进作用，可使排便点数增加，且能明显增强胃肠推进功能。对小鼠的肠管含水量有增加作用，在肠水分增加尤为明显。麻仁润肠口服液对离体兔肠平滑肌的收缩力和频率无影响。急性毒怀实验表明，小鼠胃经最大耐受量为６０ｇ生药／ｋｇ体重，为临床一次无影响。急性毒性实验表明：小鼠一次腹腔注射本品的ＬＤ５０是２     

南沙港区鼠类调查结果报告

目的了解南沙港区鼠类的种群分布和季节消长情况,为该口岸鼠类防制及国际卫生海港创建提供科学依据。方法2006.7~2007.6采用ELTON夹日法对鼠密度进行监测。结果共捕获鼠类72只,经鉴定分属2目2科3属4种。年平均鼠密度为2.12%。优势种为臭鼩鼱,占83.3%(60/72);板齿鼠占6.9%(5/72);黄胸鼠占5.6%(4/72);褐家鼠占4.2%(3/72)。有2个高峰期,分别在9月和3月。从25只活鼠体表检获寄生虫26只,其中2只为蚤类,全部为印鼠客蚤;另24只为革螨,隶属于1亚目1科2属3种,纳厉螨占54.17%,为优势种。结论通过此次调查基本摸清了南沙港区的鼠类情况,可根据鼠种的不同生活习性采取相应的控制措施,控制密度,防止传染病的发生和流行,创造港区良好的卫生环境。