Early maladaptive schemas differing according to sex may contribute to migraine among the youth

ObjectiveDespite many diverse findings from studies about the comorbidity of psychiatric disorders and migraine, there are still unknown points. Schemas, which are the basic structures of cognition, are understudied. This study examined the effects of sex on early maladaptive schemas (EMSs) and the clinical characteristics of migraine in adolescents with migraine.MethodsThe sample comprised 171 adolescents (67.3% females, n = 115) aged 12–18 years. The clinical characteristics of migraine (duration, severity, frequency of headaches, etc.), accompanying symptoms (nausea, vomiting, photophobia, etc.) and EMSs were evaluated depending on sex. Psychopathology and abuse history were analyzed as covariates in this study.ResultsThe mean age was 15.4 ± 1.9 among the females and 15.2 ± 2.0 among the males (p = 0.65). There was no difference in terms of migraine characteristics, and except for dizziness and pain relief by massage, all other symptoms were similar between the sexes. Female adolescent migraineurs significantly elevated scores for EMS of emotional deprivation, abandonment/instability, defectiveness/shame (disconnection/rejection domain), dependence/incompetence, vulnerability to harm/illness, failure (in impaired autonomy/performance domain) and negativity/pessimism (in hypervigilance/inhibition domain). On the other hand, male migraineurs had significantly elevated scores only in insufficient self-control/self-discipline (in impaired limits domain). Type of migraine and current psychopathology had no significant effect on the EMS domains, while sexual abuse history significantly affected some EMS.ConclusionOur study highlights the importance of screening for EMSs among adolescent patients with migraine. Schema therapy and similar therapeutic interventions may be used in the management of migraine in adolescents. Gender may also be important factor the schema therapy in adolescent migraine patients.     

Combined group and individual schema therapy for borderline personality disorder: A pilot study

Background and ObjectivesSchema Therapy (ST) is a highly effective treatment for Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD). In a group format, delivery costs could be reduced and recovery processes catalyzed by specific use of group processes. As patients may also need individual attention, we piloted the combination of individual and group-ST.MethodsTwo cohorts of BPD patients (N = 8, N = 10) received a combination of weekly group-ST and individual ST for 2 years, with 6 months extra individual ST if indicated. Therapists were experienced in individual ST but not in group-ST. The second cohort of therapists was trained in group-ST by specialists. This made it possible to explore the training effects. Assessments of BPD manifestations and secondary measures took place every 6 months up to 2.5 years. Change over time and differences between cohorts were analyzed with mixed regression.ResultsDropout from treatment was 33.3% in Year 1, and 5.6% in Year 2, without cohort differences. BPD manifestations reduced significantly, with large effect sizes, and 77% recovery at 30 months. Large improvements were also found on general psychopathological symptoms, schema (mode) measures, quality of life, and happiness. Cohort-2 tended to improve faster, but there were no differences between cohorts in the long term.LimitationsThe study was uncontrolled, training effects might have been non-specific, and the sample size was relatively small.ConclusionsCombined group–individual ST can be an effective treatment, but dropout might be higher than from individual ST. Addition of specialized group-ST seems to speed up recovery compared to only individual ST.     

Reliability and Validity of the Korean Young Schema Questionnaire-Short Form-3 in Medical Students

Objective

The Young Schema Questionnaire (YSQ) is a self-report measure of early maladaptive schemas and is currently in its third revision; it is available in both long (YSQ-L3) and short (YSQ-S3) forms. The goal of this study was to develop a Korean version of the YSQ-S3 and establish its psychometric properties in a Korean sample.

Methods

A total of 542 graduate medical students completed the Korean version of the YSQ-S3 and several other psychological scales. A subsample of 308 subjects completed the Korean YSQ-S3 both before and after a 2-year test-retest interval. Correlation, regression, and confirmatory factor analyses were performed on the data.

Results

The internal consistency of the 90-item Korean YSQ-S3 was 0.97 and that of each schema was acceptable, with Cronbach''s alphas ranging from 0.59 to 0.90. The test-retest reliability ranged from 0.46 to 0.65. Every schema showed robust positive correlations with most psychological measures. The confirmatory factor analysis for the 18-factor structure originally proposed by Young, Klosko, and Weishaar (2003) showed that most goodness-of-fit statistics were indicative of a satisfactory fit.

Conclusion

These findings support the reliability and validity of the Korean version of the YSQ-S3.     

Mediation of early maladaptive schemas between perceptions of parental rearing style and personality disorder symptoms

In schema therapy (ST), early maladaptive schemas (EMS) are proposed to be the defining core of personality disorders. Adverse relational experiences in childhood are assumed to be the main cause for the development of EMS. The present study explored the links between perceived parental rearing behaviours, EMS, and personality disorder symptoms in a clinical sample (N = 108). Results from mediation analyses suggest that EMS mediate the relationships between recalled parenting rearing behaviours and personality disorder symptoms. Findings give support to the theoretical model ST is based on.     

抑郁神经症的图式疗法案例

目的帮助一名女大学生治疗抑郁神经症。方法采用图式疗法,包括认知重构、有限制的再抚育、体验技术、行为模式的打破等技术,进行长达3个月的心理咨询与治疗。结果求助者的抑郁症状得到较大程度的缓解,其认知、行为和社会功能等方面基本恢复到健康成人水平。结论抑郁神经症能采用图式疗法来进行心理治疗。     

图式理论在医学英语听力教学中的实践应用

医学英语听力是医学院校英语教育的一项重要内容。文章以图式理论为基础,介绍如何从语音图式、词汇图式和背景图式三方面入手,提高医学英语听力课程的教学质量。     

图式理论在医学英语阅读教学中的应用

既使没有生词,没有复杂的句子结构,要想理解医学英语专业文献,对于非医学人士也非易事,因为他们不了解医学知识,头脑中没有医学图式知识。而对于医学专业学生来讲,他们了解医学专业知识,教师只需激发其头脑中的医学专业图示,那么阅读医学英语专业文献就会容易很多。     

表阿霉素联合XELOX方案治疗晚期胃癌疗效与安全性分析

目的探讨表阿霉素联合XELOX（奥沙利铂联合希罗达）治疗晚期胃癌的疗效及安全性。方法收集我院2006年6月～2010年12月采用表阿霉素联合XELOX方案（即EOX方案）治疗的晚期胃癌进行回顾性分析,并与奥沙利铂联合希罗达化疗方案（单纯XELOX方案）进行比较。EOX组54例,XELOX组66例。结果 EOX方案组总有效率为38.9%（21/54）,XELOX方案组总有效率36.4%（24/66）,两组间无显著性差异（P〉0.05）;XELOX方案组手足综合征的发病率较EOX方案组高,但大多都为Ⅰ～Ⅱ度反应,而Ⅲ～Ⅳ度骨髓抑制、消化道反应、脱发的发病率较EOX低,两组差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论表阿霉素联合XELOX方案治疗晚期胃癌的疗效与单纯XELOX方案治疗的疗效相近,毒副作用可耐受,对于体质较弱或对多次化疗反应后耐受性较差的患者,可能更适合单纯XELOX化疗方案。