Influence of Carrier Gas Composition on the Stress of Al2O3 Coatings Prepared by the Aerosol Deposition Method

Al₂O₃ films were prepared by the aerosol deposition method at room temperature using different carrier gas compositions. The layers were deposited on alumina substrates and the film stress of the layer was calculated by measuring the deformation of the substrate. It was shown that the film stress can be halved by using oxygen instead of nitrogen or helium as the carrier gas. The substrates were annealed at different temperature steps to gain information about the temperature dependence of the reduction of the implemented stress. Total relaxation of the stress can already be achieved at 300 °C. The XRD pattern shows crystallite growth and reduction of microstrain while annealing.     

芩香清解口服液联合利巴韦林治疗儿童上呼吸道感染的临床研究

目的探讨芩香清解口服液联合利巴韦林注射液治疗儿童上呼吸道感染的临床疗效。方法选取2017年7月—2018年9月新乡医学院第一附属医院收治的上呼吸道感染患儿114例作为研究对象,将患儿根据随机数字表法分为对照组和治疗组,每组各57例。对照组静脉滴注利巴韦林注射液,10mg/kg加入到100m L葡萄糖注射液中充分稀释,1次/d。治疗组在对照组的基础上口服芩香清解口服液,10 mL/次,3次/d。两组患儿均治疗3 d。观察两组患儿的临床疗效,同时比较两组治疗前后的临床症状改善时间和炎症因子水平。结果治疗后,治疗组的总有效率为92.98%,显著高于对照组的78.95%,两组比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。治疗后,治疗组的退热时间、止咳时间、咽痛消失时间、止涕时间均显著短于对照组,两组比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。治疗后,两组超敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)、肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、白细胞介素-4(IL-4)水平均显著降低,同组治疗前后比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);治疗后,治疗组炎症因子水平明显低于对照组,两组比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论芩香清解口服液联合利巴韦林注射液能提高儿童上呼吸道感染的疗效,降低血清炎症因子水平,具有一定的临床推广应用价值。     

利巴韦林的应用时间和剂量与慢性丙型肝炎抗病毒疗效的关系

目的 探讨利巴韦林应用时间和剂量与慢性丙型肝炎抗病毒疗效之间的关系. 方法 收集69例聚乙二醇干扰素(Peg-IFN) α-2a联合利巴韦林治疗过程中的血红蛋白(HGB)降至100g/L的慢性丙型肝炎患者资料,将其分为2组:严格调整剂量组35例(简称限制组)和放宽调整剂量组34例(简称放宽组:当HGB≤80 g/L时减量,HGB≤60 g/L时停药),观察两组持续病毒学应答(SVR)、复发率、不良反应发生率等.应用独立样本的t检验、配对计数资料的x2检验等方法进行统计学分析. 结果 放宽组的持续病毒学应答明显高于限制组(91.17％比74.29％,x 2=3.425,P=0.048);继续随访观察至停药后2年,放宽组中有2例出现复发,限制组有6例出现复发,复发率差异有统计学意义(23.07％比6.45％,x 2=4.239,P=0.038);放宽组出现重度贫血及心脑血管事件的比例高于限制组,但差异无统计学意义(P＞ 0.05).对放宽组进行了亚组分析结果显示,基线HCV RNA＜5 log10拷贝/ml时,较基线HCV RNA ＞5 log10拷贝/ml的患者SVR明显升高(100％比76.92％,x2 =5.315,P=0.021),非基因1型HCV感染的患者利巴韦林达到足疗程后的SVR较基因1型的患者高(100％比70％,x2=7.897,P=0.005).结论 对采用Peg-IFN α-2a联合利巴韦林治疗慢性丙型肝炎过程中发生贫血者,放宽利巴韦林剂量调整指征可提高患者的持续病毒学应答,减少丙型肝炎复发率,并未明显增加利巴韦林的不良反应.对于病毒载量较低、非基因1型HCV感染的患者更适宜放宽利巴韦林剂量调整指征.     

撞击器法评估吸入制剂空气动力学粒径分布的研究进展

空气动力学粒径分布（APSD）是吸入制剂体外质量评价的重要检测项目,级联撞击器法是国际公认的气溶胶APSD测定方法,并且已被多国药典收载。其通过体外模拟气溶胶经过呼吸道到达肺部不同部位的沉积情况,对吸入制剂的研究开发具有重要的指导意义。综述了目前国内外药典收载的双级液体撞击器、多级液体撞击器、马普尔-米勒撞击器、安德森级联撞击器、新一代撞击器等撞击器的主要结构以及应用情况。     

吸入粉雾剂工程颗粒技术研究

对于吸入粉雾剂来说,由于活性药物成分（API）较小的粒径和较高的表面能,导致微粉易于团聚,难以分散。微粒间的内聚力和微粒与乳糖间的粘附力导致粉雾剂产品较低的微细粒子比例（FPF）。通过工程颗粒可以改善API微粒的物化性质,进而显著提高DPI产品的递送效率。概述通过工程颗粒的制备API微粉的方法,包括反溶剂结晶、湿法粉碎/研磨、喷雾/冷冻干燥、超临界流体等方法,可以显著提高粉雾剂的雾化性能。     

可必特+沐舒坦雾化吸入在支气管扩张并感染的临床观察

目的观察雾化吸入可必特(复方异丙托溴铵雾化溶液)联合沐舒坦在支气管扩张合并感染的临床疗效。方法我院呼吸科就诊的支气管扩张并感染患者60例,随机分为治疗组和对照组。对照组给予常规治疗,治疗组在此基础上给予雾化吸入可必特联合沐舒坦。观察两组临床疗效及治疗前后肺功能指标变化。结果治疗组的咳嗽,咳痰,发热症状减轻及湿性啰音范围固定的时间少于对照组,肺功能改善程度治疗组明显优于对照组。差异有显著性意义(P0.05)。结论雾化吸入可必特联合沐舒坦能减少支气管扩张合并感染患者的病程,对其咳嗽、咯痰、肺部湿啰音有明显的改善作用。     

Nanoparticle delivery in infant lungs

The lung surface is an ideal pathway to the bloodstream for nanoparticle-based drug delivery. Thus far, research has focused on the lungs of adults, and little is known about nanoparticle behavior in the immature lungs of infants. Here, using nonlinear dynamical systems analysis and in vivo experimentation in developing animals, we show that nanoparticle deposition in postnatally developing lungs peaks at the end of bulk alveolation. This finding suggests a unique paradigm, consistent with the emerging theory that as alveoli form through secondary septation, alveolar flow becomes chaotic and chaotic mixing kicks in, significantly enhancing particle deposition. This finding has significant implications for the application of nanoparticle-based inhalation therapeutics in young children with immature lungs from birth to 2 y of age.     

Observationally constrained estimates of carbonaceous aerosol radiative forcing

Carbonaceous aerosols (CA) emitted by fossil and biomass fuels consist of black carbon (BC), a strong absorber of solar radiation, and organic matter (OM). OM scatters as well as absorbs solar radiation. The absorbing component of OM, which is ignored in most climate models, is referred to as brown carbon (BrC). Model estimates of the global CA radiative forcing range from 0 to 0.7 Wm^-2, to be compared with the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s estimate for the pre-Industrial to the present net radiative forcing of about 1.6 Wm^-2. This study provides a model-independent, observationally based estimate of the CA direct radiative forcing. Ground-based aerosol network data is integrated with field data and satellite-based aerosol observations to provide a decadal (2001 through 2009) global view of the CA optical properties and direct radiative forcing. The estimated global CA direct radiative effect is about 0.75 Wm^-2 (0.5 to 1.0). This study identifies the global importance of BrC, which is shown to contribute about 20% to 550-nm CA solar absorption globally. Because of the inclusion of BrC, the net effect of OM is close to zero and the CA forcing is nearly equal to that of BC. The CA direct radiative forcing is estimated to be about 0.65 (0.5 to about 0.8) Wm^-2, thus comparable to or exceeding that by methane. Caused in part by BrC absorption, CAs have a net warming effect even over open biomass-burning regions in Africa and the Amazon.     

蛋白酶抑制剂联合聚乙二醇干扰素及利巴韦林治疗慢性丙型肝炎初治患者疗效及安全性的荟萃分析

目的 比较蛋白酶抑制剂(特拉普韦或波塞普韦)联合聚乙二醇干扰素(Peg-IFN)及利巴韦林(RBV)的三联治疗方案与Peg-IFN联合RBV的标准二联方案治疗基因1型初治慢性丙型肝炎的疗效及安全性.方法 检索PubMed、EMBASE、OVID和Cochrane图书馆等数据库,纳入比较蛋白酶抑制剂联合Peg-IFN及RBV的三联治疗方案与Peg-IFN联合RBV的标准二联方案治疗基因1型初治慢性丙型肝炎疗效与安全性的随机对照试验.检索词为protease inhibitor、hepatitis C和genotype 1.主要的研究结果包括:持续病毒学应答率(SVR)、复发率、贫血发生率、因严重不良反应而致的停药率.采用比值比(OR)及其95％可信区间(CI)作为研究结果的评价指标,异质性通过x2检验及I2检验评价,异质性明显时采用随机效应模式,否则采用固定效应模式.结果 共纳入5篇文献,包括3200例患者.三联治疗组的SVR率高于标准二联组(65.4％比40.9％,OR=2.92,95％口CI为2.5～3.42,P＜0.01),复发率低于二联治疗组(11.3％比24.8％,OR=0.42,95％CI为0.26～0.68,P＜0.01),贫血发生率高于二联治疗组(44.1％比26.2％,OR=2.25,95％ CI为1.9～2.65,P＜0.01),因严重不良反应而致的停药率也高于二联治疗组(12.4％比7.7％,OR=1.66,95％ CI为1.19～2.32,P＜0.01).亚组分析结果显示,三联治疗组(包括24或28周组、48周组、应答指导疗程组)均有较高的SVR率及较低的复发率.结论 特拉普韦或波塞普韦联合Peg-IFN及RBV的三联治疗方案对于基因1型的初治慢性丙型肝炎的疗效优于Peg-IFN联合RBV的二联治疗方案,但增加了贫血发生率及因不良反应而导致的停药率.     

Impact of ribavirin dose on retreatment of chronic hepatitis C patients

AIM: To study the efficacy and factors associated with a sustained virological response (SVR) in chronic hepatitis C (CHC) relapsing patients.METHODS: Out of 1228 CHC patients treated with pegylated interferon (PEG-IFN) and ribavirin (RBV), 165 (13%) had a relapse. Among these, 62 patients were retreated with PEG-IFN-α2a or -α2b and RBV. Clinical, biological, virological and histological data were collected. Initial doses and treatment modifications were recorded. The efficacy of retreatment and predictive factors for SVR were analyzed.RESULTS: An SVR was achieved in 42% of patients. SVR was higher in young (< 50 years) (61%) than old patients (27%) (P = 0.007), and in genotype 2 or 3 (57%) than in genotype 1 or 4 (28%) patients (P = 0.023). Prolonging therapy for at least 24 wk more than the previous course was associated with higher SVR rates (53% vs 28%, P = 0.04). Also, a better SVR rate was observed with RBV dose/body weight > 15.2 mg/kg per day (70% vs 35%, P = 0.04). In logistic regression, predictors of a response were age (P = 0.018), genotype (P = 0.048) and initial RBV dose/body weight (P = 0.022). None of the patients without a complete early virological response achieved an SVR (negative predictive value = 100%).CONCLUSION: Retreatment with PEG-IFN/RBV is eff-ective in genotype 2 or 3 relapsers, especially in young patients. A high dose of RBV seems to be important for the retreatment response.