The use of detergents and immunoperoxidase reagents for the ultrastructural demonstration of internal immunoglobulin in lymph cells.

Lymph-borne immunoblasts were fixed in dilute glutaraldehyde and then treated with saponin. This treatment made most parts of the cells permeable to ferritin, so that anti-immunoglobulin (Ig) antibodies which had been conjugated to horse radish peroxidase (HRP) had no difficulty in gaining access to Ig which thus could be demonstrated at an ultrastructural level. Best results were obtained by fixing the cells in 0.1% glutaraldehyde for 7 min and then treating them with a 1% solution of saponin for 100 min at 55 degrees C before exposing them to the Ig-HRP conjugate. The method yielded reproducible results and although it causes a small amount of ultrastructural damage, it may be of value in detecting a variety of intracellular antigens.     

Identification of the major structural proteins of two BALB/c myeloma C-type viruses.

We have analyzed the structural proteins of the C-type viruses produced by cloned lines of the MOPC-21 and FLOPC-1 BALB/c murine myelomas. These viruses, designated MO₂₁-MuMAV and FL₁-MuMAV, respectively, have been shown to be composed of proteins with approximate molecular weights of 90,000, 75,000, 17,000, 12,000, and 10,000 daltons. In addition, these viruses contain a “doublet” with molecular weights of approximately 30,000 daltons. The 90,000- and 75,000-dalton proteins are glycosylated. The p30 “doublet” as well as the NB-ecotropism is retained upon subsequent virus cloning in SC-1 cells, passage through NIH-3T3, or BALB/3T3 cells, or microtiter plate cloning of SC-1 cells replicating cloned virus. The two cloned MuMAVs appeared to possess the p30 proteins of the endogenous BALB/c N- and B-tropic viruses described by Hopkins and co-workers (N. Hopkins, J. Schindler, and R. Hynes, 1977, J. Virol.21, 309–318; J. Schindler, R. Hynes, and N. Hopkins, 1977, J. Virol. 23, 700–707). Subsequent tryptic peptide analysis of the myeloma virus p30 proteins demonstrated that these proteins share extensive homology with, but not identity to, the two prototype BALB/c ecotropic endogenous virus p30 proteins.     

Biological activities of glycoproteins of HVJ (Sendai virus) studied by reconstitution of hybrid envelope and by concanavalin A-mediated binding: a new function of HANA protein and structural requirement of F protein in hemolysis.

When HANA protein of HVJ (Sendai virus) was denatured by dithiothreitol treatment, concanavalin A added to the system or influenza virus hemagglutinin reconstituted with treated HVJ-envelope to form hybrid by SM-2 dialysis method could not replace a role of HANA for hemolysis. Binding of the treated samples to erythrocytes was restored by them, however. Thus, a hypothesis is proposed that intactness of not only F but also HANA protein of HVJ is required for envelope-cell fusion, in other words, HANA protein of HVJ may play some positive role other than binding in the process of the virus-induced hemolysis.     

Direct prenatal chromosome diagnosis of a malignancy

A fetal tumor was suspected at 31 weeks of gestation. The occurrence of polyhydramnios led to an ultrasound examination, which revealed deformation of the fetal head, face, eye, and neck. This was confirmed by computerized tomography. Amniocentesis yielded cells with an inverted duplication of chromosome #1. This abnormality of chromosome #1 marked the malignant teratoma cells in the amniotic fluid. Cytogenetic analysis of tumor tissue and of normal tissue obtained postnatally confirmed that the abnormality of chromosome #1 observed in amniotic fluid cells was confined to the tumor. The constitutional karyotype was normal. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the direct chromosomal detection of malignancy before birth.     

The site of synthesis and functions of acute phase plasma proteins: Close relation-ship with the reticulo-endothelial system

The evidence that the acute phase glycoproteins of plasma are synthesized by the liver parenchymal cells is critically examined, and is found to be inconclusive. Some evidence is cited which favors the reticulo-endothelial system (RES) in general, and Kupffer cells in particular, as the site of synthesis of these proteins: 1. The entire RES contains non-glycogenic periodic acid Schiff-positive substances. 2. The diseases which affect glycoprotein levels are also known to affect the function of the RES. 3. When the animal is subjected to stress, the RES function is initially depressed and then stimulated. A similar biphasic behavior is shown by plasma glycoprotein levels. 4. Adrenal cortico-steriods are the major regulators of the RES function and of the synthesis of acute phase proteins. Moreover, both are stimulated at low concentrations, and depressed at high concentrations of the hormone. Some of the glycoproteins of the acute phase (prothrombin, the third component of complement, haptoglobin, transferrin and ceruloplasmin) have defense-related functions. The others seem to participate in phenomena like detoxification, promotion of phagocytosis, wound healing, prevention of tissue injury by lysosomal enzymes, prevention of trauma and recovery from inflammation. It is proposed that the acute phase proteins, together with antibodies, form major components of the defense system, and the RES attempts to deal with injury by mobilization of increased amounts of these substances.     

Stimulus range influences intensity and hedonic ratings of flavour

Five concentrations of an artificial orange drink were presented for sensory evaluation in three overlapping concentration ranges. Three sensory panels, each of 30 subjects, rated the concentrations for intensity of flavour (intensity scale), relation to ideal flavour intensity (ideal-point scale), and pleasantness (hedonic scale). Except for the two extreme concentrations, neither of which was presented in more than one range, in all three response tasks the mean rating for a given concentration varied with the concentration range in which it was presented. However, the mean ratings showed good correspondence across response tasks (e.g. the concentration perceived as "moderately sweet" on the intensity scale was perceived as "just right" on the ideal-point scale and of maximal pleasantness on the hedonic scale), suggesting a link between the intensity and hedonic dimensions of sensory experience.     

Cerebral hemodynamics in patients with moyamoya disease. A study of regional cerebral blood flow by the 133Xe inhalation method

Regional cerebral blood flow was measured by the 133Xe inhalation method in 20 young patients with moyamoya disease and five young healthy volunteers. Most patients showed low values of mean hemispheric blood flow in both hemispheres. Regional cerebral blood flow was at a low value in the upper frontal region and at an almost average value in the posterotemporal and occipital regions, which was different from the "hyperfrontal" pattern in healthy volunteers. Regional cerebral blood flow was reduced evenly by hyperventilation. By 5% CO2 inhalation, regional cerebral blood flow was increased in the temporooccipital regions and was nearly unchanged or decreased in the frontal region.     

构建急性肾损伤患者连续性肾脏替代治疗剂量达成模型

按照课题研究型品管圈活动步骤,针对急性肾损伤患者连续性肾脏替代治疗处方治疗剂量与实际治疗剂量存在较大差异的现状,对剂量管理现状、攻坚点进行分析与发掘,针对性拟定对策并实施,包括建立集束化血管通路管理策略,制定最优滤器管路使用技术方案,构建全流程CRRT智能管理平台。活动开展后,CRRT治疗剂量达成率由78.5%上升至93.5%,治疗时间达成率、平均CRRT治疗日、28 d存活率、出院时透析依赖率等均有不同程度改善,活动效果显著。     

国内外大学生艾滋病研究热点与前沿趋势

目的 使用文献计量学对国内外大学生艾滋病相关研究进行对比分析,旨在推动未来国内该领域的发展。方法 通过中国知网（CNKI）与Web of Science核心合集检索得1986—2021年国内外大学艾滋病研究的相关文献,借助VOSviewer及R软件对纳入研究的发表时间、作者及单位分布、热点内容与前沿趋势进行剖析。结果 国外相较国内研究起步较早,国内外总体发文量均呈上升趋势,美国占据相关领域英文研究的主导地位。《中国艾滋病性病》（257篇）与J AM COLL HEALTH（46篇）分别是载文最多的中英文杂志,各研究团体间的合作尚不够紧密。中文研究侧重不同教育方式于艾滋病防控的探索,英文研究则更关注于该群体“酒精使用”、“物质滥用”与“心理”等话题,防艾生活技能及暴露前预防（PrEP）等或成为未来研究趋势。结论 刊载大学生艾滋病的期刊类型较多,而高发文量期刊数较少且作者及机构间的合作有待加强,国内应给予该群体物质滥用及心理等方面更多关注,同时今后要加强对艾滋病监测与防艾生活技能方面的训练。     

医患互信研究的国内外动态△

医患双方是医疗活动的主体,而医患之间互相信任是医疗活动的基础。目前,医患矛盾已成为医疗卫生领域突出的社会问题,频发的各类医患不和谐事件,激化社会矛盾的同时,一定程度上也反映出医患互信出现了问题。本文查阅了大量文献,结合医患互信的定义和理论研究,从医患信任衡量测量的方法、医患互信研究的主体切入点、医患互信问题的归因等多个角度,分析医患互信相关的国内外研究理论与现状,以期为进一步研究提供借鉴和参考。