Reactive oxygen species and chemokines： Are they elevated in the esophageal mucosa of children with gastroesophageal reflux disease？

AIM： To determine the role of inflammatory cytokines and reactive oxygen species （ROS） in childhood reflux esophagitis. METHODS： A total of 59 subjects who had complaints suggesting GERD underwent esophagogastroduoden oscopy. Endoscopic and histopathologic diagnosis of reflux esophagitis was established by Savary-Miller and Vandenplas grading systems, respectively. Esophageal biopsy specimens were taken from the esophagus 20% proximal above the esophagogastric junction for conventional histopathological examination and the measurements of ROS and cytokine levels. ROS were measured by chemiluminescence, whereas IL-8 and MCP-1 levels were determined with quantitative immunometric ELISA on esophageal tissue. Esophageal tissue ROS, IL-8 and MCP-1 levels were compared among groups with and without endoscopic/histo- pathologic esophagitis. RESULTS： Of 59 patients 28 （47.5%） had normal esophagus whereas 31 （52.5%） had endoscopic esophagitis. In histopathological evaluation, almost 73% of the cases had mild and 6.8% had moderate degree of esophagitis. When ROS and chemokine levels were compared among groups with and without endoscopic esophagitis, statistical difference could not be found between patients with and without esophagitis. Although the levels of ROS, IL-8 and MCP-1 were found to be higher in the group with histopathological reflux esophagitis, this difference was not statistically significant. CONCLUSION： These results suggest that the grade of esophagitis is usually mild or moderate during childhood and factors apart from ROS, IL-8 and MCP-1 may be involved in the pathogenesis of reflux esophagitis in children.     

反流性食管炎、Barrett食管的食管动力学研究

目的 探讨反流性食管炎(RE)、Barrett食管(BE)的动力学改变。方法 经内镜检查3 400例患者,分 RE、BE、对照组,进行症状调查、食管测压、食管24h pH检测,并行统计学分析。结果 RE与BE组间除吞咽不适外,烧心感、反酸及胸骨后疼痛的症状评分均为RE组大于BE组,且差异有显著性意义。部分RE、BE、对照组间食管运动功能比较,食管下括约肌静息压等差异均无显著性意义。食管24 h pH检测DeMeester评分、pH<4总时间、pH<4时间的百分比等 RE、BE组高于对照组,差异有显著性意义,但RE、BE组间差别无显著性意义。结论 食管反流症状与食管黏膜的内镜下表现不一致;食管组织化生与食管运动功能间无相关。     

CT评估成人后髁导静脉及其骨管

目的 基于头颈部CTA评估成人后髁导静脉的解剖学特征。方法 分析254例受检者（508侧）的头颈部CTA资料,经多平面重建后评估后髁导静脉的发生情况、走行、长度、截面积、内口连接位置及其与静脉回流优势和颈静脉球窝高位的关系。结果 254例（508侧）中,后髁导静脉发生率为50.98%（259/508）,性别、侧别间差异均无统计学意义,其中双侧37.40%（95/254）;走行为S型者175侧,直线型14侧,不规则型70侧;后髁导静脉中位长度为2.14（1.04,2.97） cm,中位截面积7.55（4.93,11.68） mm²;后髁导静脉内口与乙状窦下曲段连接43侧（43/259,16.60%）,与颈静脉球连接149侧（149/259,57.53%）,与二者交界处连接67侧（67/259,25.87%）;脑静脉回流优势侧（116/218,53.21%）与非优势侧（143/290,49.31%）间同侧后髁导静脉的出现率差异无统计学意义（P=0.759）;在19侧粗大后髁导静脉中,14侧脑静脉回流为同侧优势型,粗大与非粗大后髁导静脉间静脉回流优势侧所占比差异有统计学意义（P=0.021）;颈静脉球窝高位侧后髁导静脉出现率（158/288,54.86%）高于无高位侧（101/220,45.91%;P=0.028）。结论 后髁导静脉不同个体间变化差异大,CT可清晰显示其解剖学特征。     

Bioelectric Impedance Analysis in the Diagnosis of Vesicoureteral Reflux

Background:

Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) is a common abnormality of the urinary tract in childhood.

Objectives:

As urine enters the ureters and renal pelvis during voiding in vesicoureteral reflux (VUR), we hypothesized that change in body water composition before and after voiding may be less different in children with VUR.

Patients and Methods:

Patients were grouped as those with VUR (Group 1) and without VUR (Group 2). Bioelectric impedance analysis was performed before and after voiding, and third space fluid (TSF) (L), percent of total body fluid (TBF%), extracellular fluid (ECF%), and intracellular fluid (ICF%) were recorded. After change of TSF, TBF, ECF, ICF (ΔTSF, ΔTBF%, ΔECF%, ΔICF%), urine volume (mL), and urine volume/body weight (mL/kg) were calculated. Groups 1 and 2 were compared for these parameters. In addition, pre- and post-voiding body fluid values were compared in each group.

Results:

TBF%, ECF%, ICF%, and TSF in both pre- and post-voiding states and ΔTBF%, ΔECF%, ΔICF%, and ΔTSF after voiding were not different between groups. However, while post-voiding TBF%, ECF% was significantly decreased in Group 1 (64.5 ± 8.1 vs 63.7 ± 7.2, P = 0.013 for TBF%), there was not post-voiding change in TSF in the same group. On the other hand, there was also a significant TSF decrease in Group 2.

Conclusions:

Bladder and ureter can be considered as the third space. Thus, we think that BIA has been useful in discriminating children with VUR as there was no decreased in patients with VUR, although there was decreased TSF in patients without VUR. However, further studies are needed to increase the accuracy of this hypothesis.     

奥瑞凝胶对反流性食管炎大鼠模型食管组织中相关基因表达及血清相关分子含量的影响

目的:研究奥瑞凝胶对反流性食管炎大鼠模型食管组织中相关基因表达以及血清中相关分子含量的影响.方法:选择成年雄性SD大鼠作为研究对象,随机分为正常组、模型组和治疗组,模型组和治疗组建立反流性食管炎模型,治疗组给予奥瑞凝胶治疗.处死大鼠后,检测血清炎症因子含量和食管组织炎症因子、多肽类神经递质、促增殖基因的表达.结果:(1)炎症因子:与模型组比较,食管组织和血清中白介素-23、17(IL-23、IL-17)的含量在治疗组中呈降低趋势;(2)多肽类神经递质:与模型组比较,食管组织中一氧化氮(NO)、NOS、血管活性肠肽(VIP)、VIP-R1、VIP-R2含量在治疗组中呈升高趋势,P物质(SP)含量治疗组中呈降低趋势;(3)促增殖基因:与模型组比较,食管组织中c-myb、增殖细胞核抗原(PCNA)和Ki-67的mRNA和蛋白含量在治疗组中呈降低趋势.结论:奥瑞凝胶治疗有助于缓解炎症反应,调节多肽类神经递质表达,抑制食管黏膜上皮过度增殖,对反流性食管炎模型大鼠具有治疗作用.     

Esophageal lichen planus: Current knowledge,challenges and future perspectives

Lichen planus (LP) is a frequent, chronic inflammatory disease involving the skin, mucous membranes and/or skin appendages. Esophageal involvement in lichen planus (ELP) is a clinically important albeit underdiagnosed inflammatory condition. This narrative review aims to give an overview of the current knowledge on ELP, its prevalence, pathogenesis, clinical manifestation, diagnostic criteria, and therapeutic options in order to provide support in clinical management. Studies on ELP were collected using PubMed/Medline. Relevant clinical and therapeutical characteristics from published patient cohorts including our own cohort were extracted and summarized. ELP mainly affects middle-aged women. The principal symptom is dysphagia. However, asymptomatic cases despite progressed macroscopic esophageal lesions may occur. The pathogenesis is unknown, however an immune-mediated mechanism is probable. Endoscopically, ELP is characterized by mucosal denudation and tearing, trachealization, and hyperkeratosis. Scarring esophageal stenosis may occur in chronic courses. Histologic findings include mucosal detachment, T-lymphocytic infiltrations, epithelial apoptosis (Civatte bodies), dyskeratosis, and hyperkeratosis. Direct immuno-fluorescence shows fibrinogen deposits along the basement membrane zone. To date, there is no established therapy. However, treatment with topical steroids induces symptomatic and histologic improvement in two thirds of ELP patients in general. More severe cases may require therapy with immunosuppressors. In symptomatic esophageal stenosis, endoscopic dilation may be necessary. ELP may be regarded as a precancerous condition as transition to squamous cell carcinoma has been documented in literature. ELP is an underdiagnosed yet clinically important differential diagnosis for patients with unclear dysphagia or esophagitis. Timely diagnosis and therapy might prevent potential sequelae such as esophageal stenosis or development of invasive squamous cell carcinoma. Further studies are needed to gain more knowledge about the pathogenesis and treatment options.     

胆汁反流、胃酸和幽门螺杆菌感染共同作用对胃黏膜损伤程度和分布的影响

背景:胆汁反流、胃酸和幽门螺杆菌（H.pylori）感染均是胃黏膜损伤的独立致病因素。然而,它们共同存在时有无协同致病作用尚不清楚。目的:探讨胆汁反流、胃酸和H.pylori感染共同作用对胃黏膜损伤程度和分布的影响。方法:37例胃镜检查疑有十二指肠胃反流者均经24h胃内胆汁监测证实,同时行胃内PH监测。胃体和胃窦黏膜有或无活动性炎症、萎缩、肠化和不典型增生分别记2分或1分。分别以胃体和胃窦黏膜的各项病理学改变为应变量,以胃内胆红素吸收值>0.14的时间百分比、pH<4的时间百分比和H.pylori感染状态指标为自变量进行多变量逐步Logistic回归分析。结果:37例患者胃内胆红素吸收值>0.14的时间百分比为34.49％±22.69％,pH<4的时问百分比为78.68％土 9.91％,H.pylori阳性率为29.73％。胆汁反流出现在以胃体和胃窦黏膜肠化以及胃体黏膜活动性炎症为应变量的Logistic回归模型中,H.pylori出现在以胃体黏膜活动性炎症为应变量的回归模型中。结论:胆汁反流是胃黏膜肠化的危险因素;胃内有胆汁反流存在时,H.pylori感染是导致胃体新膜炎症的重要病因。     

返流性食管炎的内镜探讨

本文报告近５年我院内镜检出返流性食管炎２３７例，临床症状主要为烧心、上腹痛、腹胀、呕血、黑便及吞咽困难。食管裂孔疝和十二指肠球部病变为主要的消化系统伴随疾病。内镜表现食管粘膜红斑者占９．７％。孤立性或非融合性糜烂者占２９．１％。环周性或融合性糜烂者占３４．２％、溃疡形成者占２７．０％，且有３．４％发生食管下端狭窄。资料提示本病我国并不少见，发病明显与贲门功能不全和十二指肠病变有关。