Effects of haloperidol on the multitrial partial reinforcement extinction effect (PREE): evidence for neuroleptic drug action on nonreinforcement but not on reinforcement

Two experiments investigated the effects of haloperidol (0.1 mg/kg) on the partial reinforcement extinction effect (PREE). In experiment 1 two groups of rats were trained to run in a straight alley using six trials/day with an intertrial interval (ITI) of 5–8 min. The continuously reinforced (CRF) group received food reward on every trial. The partially reinforced (PRF) group was rewarded on a quasi-random 50% schedule. All animals were then tested in extinction. Haloperidol was administered in a 2 × 2 design, i.e., drug-no drug in acquisition and drug-no drug in extinction. In experiment 2 two groups of rats were trained to press a lever in an operant chamber using a discrete trial procedure of ten trials/day with an ITI of 60 s. The CRF group was rewarded on each trial and the PRF group was rewarded on a quasi-random 50% schedule. Haloperidol was administered for 22 days prior to the start of the PREE procedure as well as throughout acquisition and extinction. The PREE, i.e., increased resistance to extinction of PRF as compared to CRF animals, was obtained in both experiments in all drug conditions. In both experiments haloperidol increased the rate of extinction. Experiment 1 revealed that this effect was entirely dur to the administration of the drug in extinction, independently of the drug condition in acquisition. In contrast to previous results in a one trial/day procedure, the administration of haloperidol to CRF animals did not increase resistance to extinction, failing to support the notion that neuroleptics attenuate the rewarding properties of reinforcement.     

The influence of partial gastrectomy on biochemical parameters of bone metabolism and bone density

Summary Since it has been suggested that gastric resections are followed by changes in bone metabolism, the aim of our study was to determine the biochemical parameters of bone metabolism and radial and lumbar bone density in 15 male ulcus patients treated by partial gastrectomy (Billroth II). Comparing the data with those of a corresponding control group, the lumbar bone density measured by quantitative computed tomography was statistically significantly lower (P < 0.04) in the patient group, whereas the peripheral bone mass of the distal part of the nondominant forearm measured by single-photon absorptiometry showed no statistically significant difference. In addition, a marked increase in alkaline phosphatase (P < 0.002) and urinary excretion of hydroxyproline (P < 0.003) was found in the gastrectomy group, whereas the 25-hydroxy-vitamin D levels were found to be significantly decreased (P < 0.04). Osteocalcin, a biochemical marker for osteoblast activity, and the carboxy-terminal propeptide of type I procollagen (PICP), a marker of collagen formation, were slightly but not significantly higher in gastrectomy-treated patients. The serum parathyroid hormone levels were similar in both groups. As none of the patients had any radiologic evidence of osteopenia, the changes in biochemical parameters of bone metabolism and bone mass in patients who had undergone partial gastrectomy could be a marker of latent bone loss.Abbreviations DPA/SPA dual/single-photon absorptiometry - BMD bone mineral density - QCT quantitative computed tomography - PICP carboxy-terminal propeptide of type I procollagen - 250HD₃ 25-hydroxy-vitamin D - iPTH parathyroid hormone - OC osteocalcin - BMC bone mineral content     

Can we predict the outcome of a partial rupture of the anterior cruciate ligament? A prospective study of 43 cases

The concept of partial rupture of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) has been confirmed by arthroscopic examination and palpation. We present a prospective study of 43 patients who were diagnosed arthroscopically as suffering from a partial rupture of the ACL by the same surgeon. The patients followed a rehabilitation protocol and were examined by an independant observer after 5 years. Twenty-five patients had a stable knee, whereas 18 eventually suffered a complete ACL rupture. ACL partial rupture is easily recognizable with arthroscopy, but the quantity and state of the still intact fibres is difficult to assess. Received: 20 April 1996 Accepted: 17 December 1996     

精神分裂症患者心理防御机制与人格特征的相关性分析

目的　探讨精神分裂症患者心理防御方式和人格特片的特点及二者的相关性。方法　分别运用防御方式问卷 (DSQ)和艾森克个性问卷 (EPQ)对 10 1名精神分裂症患者和 30例正常人群进行防御方式评定和人格测定。结果　与正常对照组相比 ,精神分裂症患者更多采用不成熟和中间型防御方式 (P <0 0 5 )。防御方式与人格特征存在着一定的关联性 (P <0 0 5 )。不成熟型防御方式和中间型防御机制与EPQ的精神质 (P)得分和神经质 (N)得分呈显著正相关 (P <0 0 1) ,成熟防御机制与内外向(E)得分呈显著正相关 (P <0 0 5 )。结论　精神分裂症患者更多地使用不成熟防御机制 ,存在病态人格 ,且者之间存在明显相关性 ,有关结果 ,对于探讨精神分裂症患者的病理心理机制和开展心理治疗有指导意义。     

病理性近视眼的研究进展

通过复习近年来相关文献,对近视眼发生发展机制与形觉剥夺之间的关系进行综合评述。认为近视眼的发生及眼轴延长与形觉剥夺有一定关系,深入研究其相关机制,对近视眼的早期防治具有重要意义。     

浅析《内经》之闭经证治

收集了《内经》有关闭经方面的相关阐述从而探讨闭经的病因病机、诊断与治疗,并详细记述了《内经》对血滞经闭和血枯经闭这两类型经闭的不同治疗法度。     

膀胱憩室癌的诊断与治疗(附5例报告)

目的探讨膀胱憩室癌的诊治方法。方法回顾性总结我科在1992年6月至2004年4月收治5例膀胱憩室癌的临床资料。结果5例中术前B超诊断2例,CT诊断2例,其中膀胱镜诊断4例。术后病理诊断鳞癌1例,移行细胞癌4例。5例均行膀胱部分切除术。随访5例,1例鳞癌死于术后1年;1例移行细胞癌死于术后3年,3例生存至今。结论膀胱憩室癌诊断首选膀胱镜检查,治疗以膀胱部分切除术为主。因憩室癌恶性程度高,预后差,术后需辅以BCG、IL-2膀胱灌注治疗。     

Partial resection of distal humerus and reconstruction using autogenous iliac bone graft

Summary Seven patients with eccentrically placed tumours of the distal end of the humerus treated with partial resection and autogenous iliac bone grafting are reported. The functional results are discussed.

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Résumé Présentation de sept cas de tumeurs situées à l'extrémité distale de l'humérus et traitées par résection limitée et reconstruction par autogreffe lilaque. Discussion des résultats fonctionnels.

     

膨胀型聚氨酯防火涂料阻燃机理的研究

用自制的新型成炭剂和聚磷酸铵复配作为聚氨酯防火涂料的阻燃体系。采用热失重分析、扫描电镜、红外光谱和元素分析等手段对膨胀型聚氨酯防火涂料的阻燃机理进行了较为深入的研究．