Monkeys benefit from reciprocity without the cognitive burden

The debate about the origins of human prosociality has focused on the presence or absence of similar tendencies in other species, and, recently, attention has turned to the underlying mechanisms. We investigated whether direct reciprocity could promote prosocial behavior in brown capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella). Twelve capuchins tested in pairs could choose between two tokens, with one being “prosocial” in that it rewarded both individuals (i.e., 1/1), and the other being “selfish” in that it rewarded the chooser only (i.e., 1/0). Each monkey’s choices with a familiar partner from their own group was compared with choices when paired with a partner from a different group. Capuchins were spontaneously prosocial, selecting the prosocial option at the same rate regardless of whether they were paired with an in-group or out-group partner. This indicates that interaction outside of the experimental setting played no role. When the paradigm was changed, such that both partners alternated making choices, prosocial preference significantly increased, leading to mutualistic payoffs. As no contingency could be detected between an individual’s choice and their partner’s previous choice, and choices occurred in rapid succession, reciprocity seemed of a relatively vague nature akin to mutualism. Having the partner receive a better reward than the chooser (i.e., 1/2) during the alternating condition increased the payoffs of mutual prosociality, and prosocial choice increased accordingly. The outcome of several controls made it hard to explain these results on the basis of reward distribution or learned preferences, and rather suggested that joint action promotes prosociality, resulting in so-called attitudinal reciprocity.     

Sex and hemispheric differences in facial invariants extraction

This present study investigates sex differences in hemispheric cooperation during a facial identity matching task. The method used was a divided visual field paradigm in which the probe face was neutral or expressive and the target face was always neutral. Probe and target faces were presented both unilaterally and sequentially. A total of 28 right-handed women and 32 right-handed men participated in this study. The results confirm the women's advantage in face recognition and reveal symmetrical interhemispheric cooperation in women only. In men, processing time was faster when the probe face appeared in the left visual field—and encoded by the right hemisphere—and the target in the right visual field—projected to the left hemisphere—compared to the reverse direction. Interestingly, the data also show that women were not influenced by the expression of the probe face when matching identity, whereas men were always faster when the probe face was neutral, like the target, than when it was expressive. These results are discussed in light of Bruce and Young's (1986) model, and in terms of view-dependent and view-independent processes.     

艾滋病防治国际合作项目建档工作的思考

介绍艾滋病国际合作项目建档管理工作。根据项目总目标和实施过程确定建档材料范围,按建档材料形成的主体不同,将其分为行政、人事、财务、业务四部分,并简述艾滋病项目执行过程中建档存在的问题。从宣传档案法规、建立规章制度、培训建档人员、完善建档模块和分清权责这五个方面提出解决问题的措施,探索国际合作项目建档规范。     

Cognitive Motivations of Free Riding and Cooperation and Impaired Strategic Decision Making in Schizophrenia During a Public Goods Game

Schizophrenia is generally characterized by various positive and negative symptoms that are accompanied by significant social dysfunction. Various researchers investigated the functional impairments in schizophrenia including impaired theory of mind (TOM), poor integration of affective and cognitive information, and malfunctioning of adaptive and strategic learning process. However, most of the studies were limited to simplified cognitive tests or computerized choice games that exclude real social interaction. The aim of the current study was to investigate human strategies based on the incentives and particularly the cognitive and emotional motivations of free riding. We examined the decision patterns of 41 healthy subjects (HSs) and 37 schizophrenia patients (SZ) during the public goods game (PGG), one of the games simulating human cooperation and free riding in group interactions. Strategic decision processes during the iterative binary PGG were assessed in terms of cognitive understanding, loss sensitivity, and TOM. We found that greed and loss sensitivity both motivated free-riding behavior in the HS, but that they were more vulnerable to greedy incentives than to possible loss. More significantly, the SZ clearly displayed a lower prevalence of free riding and distinct decision patterns from HS. Nonstrategic and unexpectedly low free ridings in the SZ likely arise from poor integration of cognitive and affective information. We suggest that loss sensitivity and TOM as well as cognitive understanding are involved in regulation of the free riding and cooperative behavior.     

医护治一体化工作模式对全膝关节置换术患者生活质量的影响

目的探讨医护治一体化工作模式对全膝关节置换术后患者生活质量的影响。方法2018年10月至2019年10月甘肃省中医院骨科行初次全膝关节表面置换术的患者90例。采用数字表法将患者随机分为2组。观察组45例实施专病医护治一体化工作模式;对照组45例实施常规临床工作模式。采用美国膝关节学会评分(KSS)、疼痛视觉模拟评分(VAS)、膝关节活动度(ROM)、日常生活活动能力量表(ADL)评分进行比较。采用spss 23.0软件对数据进行处理。结果入院当天患者KSS、VAS、ROM、ADL评分两组间比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。术后第3天VAS、ROM、ADL评分观察组优于对照组(P<0.05),KSS评分两组间比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。术后第7天,KSS、VAS、ROM、ADL观察组优于对照组(P<0.05)。术后2周KSS、VAS、ROM、ADL观察组优于对照组(P<0.05),KSS功能评分两组间比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。术后1个月KSS、VAS、ROM、ADL观察组优于对照组(P<0.05),KSS两组间比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。术后3、6个月KSS、KSS、VAS、ROM、ADL观察组优于对照组(P<0.05)。结论专病医护治一体化工作模式对全膝关节置换术患者膝关节功能、疼痛程度、膝关节活动能力,日常活动能力都有明显改善,有利于提高患者生活质量。     

“一带一路”国家间卫生合作意向、需求及优劣势分析

目的:了解"一带一路"国家的卫生合作意向及需求、优势和障碍,为中国与"一带一路"国家开展卫生合作提供参考。方法:采取问卷调查法,调查"一带一路"暨"健康丝绸之路"高级别研讨会上受邀参会的中外嘉宾共217名,了解其所在国家或机构开展"一带一路"卫生合作的情况,其中有效问卷209份,有效率为96. 3%,问卷采用SPSS22. 0进行统计分析。结果:在受访人员中,外方有"一带一路"卫生合作意愿的占外方调查人数的91. 7%,中方为73. 2%;中外双方卫生合作需求主要为健康产业、医疗卫生服务和传染病防控领域;中外双方认为合作便利性和长期的伙伴关系是国家间卫生合作的优势,但优惠政策方面存在分歧;最大的障碍为文化差异,还存在交流平台缺乏、法律法规压力和政策不稳定等障碍。结论:中外双方的卫生合作意愿较高,合作空间广阔,中外未来的卫生合作重点将集中在合作需求均较高的健康产业、医疗卫生服务和传染病防控领域。卫生合作中应利用已有伙伴关系和合作便利性的优势因素,克服文化差异和交流平台缺乏等阻碍因素,促成卫生合作进一步深化。     

Negotiating horizontality in medical South–South cooperation: The Cuban mission in Rio de Janeiro’s urban peripheries

ABSTRACT

For more than 50 years, Cuba has been one of the most important players in the field of international medical cooperation in the Global South. Between 2013 and 2016, Cuba maintained one of its largest cooperations with Brazil: nearly 11,400 Cuban physicians were sent to work within the framework of the Brazilian health programme ‘More-Doctors-for-Brazil’, which was implemented to improve Brazil’s precarious public health sector. This paper inquires into the manifold challenges of horizontal connectivity in this medical South–South cooperation. We will trace these back to deep-rooted contentions about the epistemological approaches to medical practice and professional recognition within and between Cuban and Brazilian arenas of public health, which do not, however, conform to a simplistic socialism–capitalism dichotomy. Rather, this particular South–South cooperation reveals significant differences in how powerful the postcolonial legacies of medical assistance remain in Global Health settings. This paper explores how these legacies may impact on the moral and professional legitimacy of the individuals involved in South–South partnership. Using ethnographic findings in newly established family clinics situated in urban poverty regions in Rio de Janeiro’s North, we will also show how prolonged local interactions may create new spaces of horizontal encounters and connectivity in international medical cooperation.     

GLTC医患沟通模式结合病例导入式教学在口腔修复实践教学中的应用研究

目的　探究GLTC[示善（goodwill）、倾听（listening）、交流（talking）、合作（cooperation）]医患沟通模式结合病例导入式教学在口腔修复实践教学中的应用研究。方法　选取2019年7月至2020年7月在四川大学华西口腔医院实习的30名口腔医学本科实习生,按照简单随机数字表法分为对照组（n=15）和观察组（n=15）。对照组采用病例导入式教学,观察组采用GLTC医患沟通模式结合病例导入式教学。评估两组实习生的临床实习成绩（理论成绩、病历分析成绩、操作成绩、讲课成绩）、实习生进行医患沟通的能力、实习生教学主观评价。采用SPSS 22.0软件进行t检验和卡方检验。结果　观察组实习生的理论成绩、病历分析成绩、操作成绩、讲课成绩均优于对照组（P<0.05）;观察组实习生的利物浦医生沟通能力评价量表评分高于对照组（P<0.05）;观察组实习生教学模式主观评价中提高学习兴趣、集体意识、语言表达能力、综合分析能力、临床操作能力均优于对照组（P<0.05）。结论　将GLTC医患沟通模式结合病例导入式教学法应用在口腔修复实践教学中效果明显,能有效提升实习生的专业知识和技能,提高教学满意度及医患沟通能力。     

Approaches and considerations for the assessment of immunotoxicity for environmental chemicals: A workshop summary

As experience is gained with toxicology testing and as new assays and technologies are developed, it is critical for stakeholders to discuss opportunities to advance our overall testing strategies. To facilitate these discussions, a workshop on practices for assessing immunotoxicity for environmental chemicals was held with the goal of sharing perspectives on immunotoxicity testing strategies and experiences, developmental immunotoxicity (DIT), and integrated and alternative approaches to immunotoxicity testing. Experiences across the chemical and pharmaceutical industries suggested that standard toxicity studies, combined with triggered-based testing approaches, represent an effective and efficient approach to evaluate immunotoxic potential. Additionally, discussions on study design, critical windows, and new guideline approaches and experiences identified important factors to consider before initiating DIT evaluations including assay choice and timing and the impact of existing adult data. Participants agreed that integrating endpoints into standard repeat-dose studies should be considered for fulfilling any immunotoxicity testing requirements, while also maximizing information and reducing animal use. Participants also acknowledged that in vitro evaluation of immunosuppression is complex and may require the use of multiple assays that are still being developed. These workshop discussions should contribute to developing an effective but more resource and animal efficient approach for evaluating chemical immunotoxicity.     

老年股骨粗隆间骨折患者的手术配合及围术期护理

目的探讨老年股骨粗隆间骨折患者的手术配合及围术期护理干预的效果。方法 64例骨科行手术治疗的老年股骨粗隆间骨折患者,采用围术期护理方法 ,分析围术期护理措施的应用及效果,指导临床骨科护理实践。结果 64例患者手术过程中无一例发生术中出血等并发症。术后随访8个月~1年,2例自然衰老死亡,5例发生DVT,其余患者身体状况良好。结论老年股骨粗隆间骨折患者在围术期全程进行相应的护理干预,能有效减少并发症的发生,使之平稳度过手术期,明显提高手术室护理质量和护理技术水平。