Strategies intended to address vaccine hesitancy: Review of published reviews

When faced with vaccine hesitancy, public health authorities are looking for effective strategies to address this issue. In this paper, the findings of 15 published literature reviews or meta-analysis that have examined the effectiveness of different interventions to reduce vaccine hesitancy and/or to enhance vaccine acceptance are presented and discussed. From the literature, there is no strong evidence to recommend any specific intervention to address vaccine hesitancy/refusal. The reviewed studies included interventions with diverse content and approaches that were implemented in different settings and targeted various populations. Few interventions were directly targeted to vaccine hesitant individuals. Given the paucity of information on effective strategies to address vaccine hesitancy, when interventions are implemented, planning a rigorous evaluation of their impact on vaccine hesitancy/vaccine acceptance will be essential.     

近35年文献的银屑病关节炎中医证候分布特点分析

【目的】分析对1979～2013年35年间的银屑病关节炎（psoriatic arthritis, PsA)研究文献,探讨PsA的中医证候特点,为临床辨证分型提供依据。【方法】利用多个数据库对1979～2013年的中医药期刊所报道的PsA中医辨证分型的文献进行检索,提取其中涉及到的中医证候信息,对文献中出现的PsA证候进行名称规范并归类,应用统计软件SPSS 17.0对证候、证素、舌脉的频次、频率进行统计分析。【结果】共检出文献84篇,符合要求者26篇。共出现10种舌质、15种舌苔、22种脉象。经规范证候名称后,获得共计39种中医证型,进一步对相近证候进行归并,最终得到14种证型,最常见的前5位证型为风湿热痹、风热血燥、热毒炽盛、风寒湿痹、肝肾亏虚。将上述证型按病性证素分布进行统计分析,得到PsA相关病性证素有14种,对其进行二次归并后得到9种证素,居于前6位的为热、痰湿、风、燥、虚、血瘀。【结论】 PsA的证候类型繁多,证素分布中除寒、热外,亦与痰湿、风、燥、血瘀相关,提示寒、热、痰湿、风、燥、血瘀在PsA发病中占有重要的地位。     

结直肠碰撞瘤1例及文献复习

目的探讨结直肠碰撞瘤(CRCT)的临床病理特征。方法对1例CRCT患者的临床资料进行分析,并行组织学观察、免疫组化和基因检测,进而复习相关文献,同顾性分析国内外11例CRCT情况。结果 CRCT以高龄(>65岁)男性患者多见,临床表现无特殊,术前诊断率低,最后诊断需病理检查与免疫组化检查,基因分析有助诊断。病理特点为同一部位出现2个不同组织类型的肿瘤结合,瘤组织间无移行和混合,有各自的转移途经,以腺癌和恶性淋巴瘤的碰撞多见。治疗以手术为丰,辅以化疗、放疗。结论 CRCT在临床中罕见,诊断、治疗均困难,预后较差,临床需要提高认识,相关的临床病理特点有待进一步总结。     

“文献”定义的几个问题

阐述了文献定义的重要性和界定文献的主要依据,包括文献自身存在的主要特征——知识信息,文献中的知识信息显示的信号——文字、符号、图像、音频、视频,文献中知识信息的外在形态——物质载体,知识信息固化在载体上的过程——记录,评析了已有文献的多种定义并进行了归纳,总结出文献的四要素主要包括知识信息,载体,记录,以及文字、符号、图像等。     

The potential use of unmanned aircraft systems (drones) in mountain search and rescue operations

Objective

This study explores the potential use of drones in searching for and locating victims and of motorized transportation of search and rescue providers in a mountain environment using a simulation model.

卡马西平相关性药疹文献分析

目的:探讨卡马西平致药疹的临床特点,为临床鉴别诊断提供参考。方法:检索2000—2013年国内医药期刊报道卡马西平相关性药疹的文献,查阅到相关文献49篇,共计55例患者。对患者因素和用药因素进行统计分析。结果:55例患者中,重症药疹患者47例,重症药疹发生率达85.45%;药疹合并症可累及多个器官和(或)系统,临床表现中,发热所占比例最高,为45例次,占总例次数(137例次)的32.85%;患者平均住院时间16.24 d,24 h内停药治疗有利于缩短住院时间,合并多器官功能严重损伤者可导致死亡。结论:临床医师应充分了解卡马西平不良反应的特征,做到早发现、早停药、早治疗。     

[<Superscript>18</Superscript>F]-FDG PET and Localized Fibrous Mesothelioma

The aim of this article is to present our experience with positron emission tomography (PET) and localized fibrous mesothelioma and to review the literature on this issue. During the past five years we found three patients with a complete clinical history who underwent a CT scan of the thorax and ¹⁸F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography ([¹⁸F]-FDG-PET) and were diagnosed with localized fibrous mesothelioma. Two of the patients were asymptomatic men and the third was a woman with chest pain. The standardized uptake value was 2.1 in one case, and in the other two an absence of FDG uptake was seen. All three had complete resection of the tumor, and in one case the presurgery diagnosis was adenocarcinoma. In one patient the tumor relapsed twice, and the other two patients are alive without any evidence of disease. The value of FDG-PET in the differential diagnosis of pulmonary and pleural abnormalities has gained ground during the last few years. As in most benign tumors, the FDG uptake is usually low (< 2.5) in the localized fibrous mesothelioma. However, more studies are necessary to define the role of FDG-PET in assessing this tumor.     

Moderate Alcohol Consumption and Cardiovascular Disease: Is There Evidence for a Preventive Effect?

It is well-known that the intake of large quantities of alcohol is hazardous to the health. During the last few decades, moderate alcohol consumption has been claimed to have a protective effect in the cardiovascular system. For this study, literature search and review on moderate alcohol consumption and cardiovascular disease was performed. Data from ecological studies indicate that the consumption of wine, but not hard liquor or beer, are associated with a reduced mortality from cardiovascular diseases. Data from case-referent studies indicate no beneficial effect at all, whereas data from prospective cohort studies indicate a beneficial effect from all types of alcohol. There are several interpretational problems involved in this issue. No results from interventional studies are available. In the absence of such data, less valid conclusions are drawn from other types of studies. The soundness of conclusions based on comparisons of moderate drinkers and abstainers in case-referent and cohort studies has been questioned, because abstainers may have a higher than normal incidence of cardiovascular disease due to self-selection. Several possible modes of action have been proposed. However, provided that there is a protective effect of moderate alcohol consumption, there is no hard evidence that any of the proposed modes of action would be the sole one. Probably more than one mechanism is involved.