Metabolic Characterization of Nondiabetic Severely Obese Patients Undergoing Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass: Preoperative Classification Predicts the Effects of Gastric Bypass on Insulin–Glucose Homeostasis

Introduction Obese individuals may have normal insulin–glucose homeostasis, insulin resistance, or diabetes mellitus. Whereas gastric bypass cures insulin resistance and diabetes mellitus, its effects on normal physiology have not been described. We studied insulin resistance and β-cell function for patients undergoing gastric bypass. Methods One hundred thirty-eight patients undergoing gastric bypass had fasting insulin and glucose levels drawn on days 0, 12, 40, 180, and 365. Thirty-one (22%) patients with diabetes mellitus were excluded from this analysis. Homeostatic model of assessment was used to estimate insulin resistance, insulin sensitivity, and β-cell function. Based on this model, patients were categorized as high insulin resistance if their insulin resistance was >2.3. Results Body mass index did not correlate with insulin resistance. Forty-seven (34%) patients were categorized as high insulin resistance. Correction of insulin resistance for this group occurred by 12 days postoperatively. Sixty (43%) patients were categorized as low insulin resistance. They demonstrated an increase of β-cell function by 12 days postoperatively, which returned to baseline by 6 months. At 1 year postoperatively, the low insulin resistance group had significantly higher β-cell function per degree of insulin sensitivity. Conclusions Adipose mass alone cannot explain insulin resistance. Severely obese individuals can be categorized by degree of insulin resistance, and the effect of gastric bypass depends upon this preoperative physiology.     

游离大网膜移植修复严重手外伤

目的 通过临床实践,探索一种比较简单和相对有效的治疗严重手外伤的方法,以求最大限度地恢复手功能.方法 选用部分大网膜游离移植和网膜上同时中厚植皮术修复严重手外伤伴有大面积软组织缺损.结果 1997年起应用此方法共治疗6例病人7只手,创面一期愈合.并且供区组织充足,厚薄适度,不造成供区严重损伤,随访2～8年病人没有肠粘连症状出现.结论 选用此方法修复严重手外伤术后外形不臃肿,组织柔软,并能保留部分损伤的骨关节结构,瘢痕增生不明显,有利于手内关节活动和手功能恢复.     

标准外伤大骨瓣开颅术在重型颅脑损伤中的应用

目的 探讨及评价标准大骨瓣开颅术在交通事故性重型颅脑损伤中的应用价值.方法 采用标准大骨瓣开颅术治疗交通事故后46例重型颅脑损伤患者,对其相关的临床资料进行分析总结,3个月后采用GOS评定治疗效果.结果 随访3个月后,患者恢复良好23例,中残5例,重残或植物生存8例,死亡10例.结论 标准外伤大骨瓣手术是治疗交通事故性重型颅脑损伤的有效方法,它具有操作方便、彻底减压的优点,能明显提高治愈率,减轻后遗症,提高患者生存质量.     

重度慢阻肺病人静脉留置针封管液浓度的选择

目的研究不同剂量肝素在重度慢阻肺病人静脉留置针的封管效果。方法300例重度慢阻肺病人随机分为对照组实验组，各150例，在每次治疗结束后均用3mL肝素盐水正压封管，浓度分别为62．5U／mL、125U／mL。观察并比较2组病人堵管及出血发生情况。结果肝素封管液堵塞的发生率实验组与对照组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）；实验组与对照组在发生出血情况上差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论重度慢阻肺病人静脉留置针使用3mL肝素盐水（125U／mL）封管既可减少堵管发生又安全。     

Tibiotalocalcaneal arthrodesis with retrograde intramedullary nailing

Nineteen patients (20 feet) with severe hindfoot and ankle deformity underwent tibiotalocalcaneal fusion with a retrograde locked intramedullary nail as a limb-salvage procedure. The purpose of this study was to compare the complication rates of this procedure in diabetic versus nondiabetic patients. There were 8 men and 11 women with preoperative diagnoses including Charcot neuroarthropathy, primary osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, equinocavovarus, posttraumatic osteoarthritis, gouty arthritis, and ankle malunion. Ten of 20 procedures were performed in patients with diabetes. The average patient age was 56 years, and the average postoperative follow-up was 19.8 months. Nineteen of 20 ankles (95%) achieved successful fusion with an average time of 4.1 months. Four patients (21%) required either a fracture brace or an ankle foot orthosis at final follow-up. Five patients (25%) had major complications and 11 patients had minor complications. Major complications included osteomyelitis (n = 2), Charcot arthropathy (n = 2), failure of fixation (n =1), soft-tissue necrosis (n = 1), cardiac arrest (n = 1), cerebral vascular accident (n = 1), and fatal pulmonary embolus (n = 1). All patients with major complications were diabetic, and 14 of 20 combined major and minor complications occurred in patients with diabetes. The complication rate was found to be high in diabetic patients with end-stage deformity undergoing a limb salvage     

Lung function, smoking and survival in severe alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency, PiZZ

Lung function, smoking, age and mortality data in 158 adult severe alpha₁-antitrypsin deficient, PiZZ individuals, followed from 1963 to 1982 were analyzed. Low initial FEV₁ value was significantly associated with increased mortality (p < 0.005). A 3 yr mortality rate of 40% was found in individuals whose initial FEV₁ values were less than 30% of that predicted. In contrast, the corresponding 3-yr mortality among those whose initial FEV₁ values were between 30 and 65% of that predicted was only 7%. Smokers were found to have significantly lower FEV₁ levels (p = 0.008) and higher mortality (p < 0.005) than non-smokers. The difference between current and ex-smokers in mortality and FEV₁ level were not statistically significant (p = 0.9 and p>0.25, respectively). Cross-sectional analysis of the initial FEV₁ values indicated a significant decline (p < 0.005) of FEV₁ with increasing age. This decline was greater among smokers than non-smokers. Longitudinal analysis of FEV₁ rates of decline in 80 cases with follow-up FEV₁ measurements failed to detect any significant differences between smokers and non-smokers, but was performed late in the disease process. The application of these results to the planning of studies on replacement therapy, smoking intervention strategy and longitudinal follow-up is discussed.     

Acoustic rhinometry: validation of volume changes following intra-nasal polypectomy

Acoustic rhinometry measures nasal cavity geometry by analysis of reflected acoustic impulses. Previously, the technique has been applied to normals, patients with septal deviations and rhinitis and to monitor the medical treatment of nasal polyps. To date, no study has been published to validate the application of this technique where nasal polyps are present. In this study, acoustic rhinometry has been used to assess the change in nasal cavity volume following intra-nasal polypectomy in 20 subjects. The volumes of the polyps removed surgically were measured by displacement and compared with the volume change recorded by acoustic rhinometry. A correlation of r = 0.59 (P= <0.01) has been obtained. Therefore, it is possible to apply acoustic rhinometry as a method of assessing non-surgical treatment of nasal polyps given certain conditions.     

Brain stem tuberculoma in adult patients: Diagnosis and treatment

A consecutive series of six adult patients ranging in age from 29 to 53 years is presented. The clinical and radiological features in each patient are described. Attention is drawn to the features demonstrated on computed axial tomography. In only one patient, the first encountered, was surgical excision undertaken and histological verification obtained. One patient died before any form of treatment could be instituted. The remaining four patients were treated with antituberculous chemotherapy alone and their progress monitored by sequential computed tomography. The excellent response and good outcome in this conservatively treated group are documented.     

Uptake and biotransformation of sevof lurane in humans: A comparative study of sevof lurane with halothane, enflurane, and isoflurane

Study Objective: To compare the volatile anesthetic sevoflurane with halothane, enfurane, and isof urane on the uptake and biotransformation in humans.

Design: Prospective pharmacokinetic study of sevofurane administration in human subjects.

Setting: Inpatient surgery clinic at a university medical center.

Patients: Thirty-two Japanese patients, free of systemic diseases, undergoing minor elective surgery with endotracheal general anesthesia.

Interventions: The patients were assigned randomly to one of four groups: halothane, enflurane, isofurane, or sevofurane. One of the four volatile anesthetics being investigated [equivalent to 1.1 minimum alveolar concentration (MAC): halothane, 0.85%; enfurane, 1.85%; isofurane, 1.27%; and sevofurane, 1.88%; in inspired concentrations throughout the first hour of anesthesia] was administered for 60 minutes.

Measurements and Main Results: In all patients, serum and urinary fluoride concentrations were measured. The concentrations of all gases were measured separately with a mass spectrometer. The cumulative uptake of each anesthetic agent during a certain period was calculated as an integration of the uptake rate per minute. The results for one-hour inhalation of sevofurane (1.1 MAC) showed an uptake (corrected for body surface area and MAC) of 490 ml/m²/MAC and estimated degradation rate of 3.3%. For purposes of comparison, similar studies of halothane (uptake, 653 ml/m²/MAC; degradation rate 15.7%), enfurane (1150 ml/m²/MAC; 1.3%), and isofurane (439 ml/m²/MAC; 0.6%) were also conducted. Sevofurane had a peak serum inorganic fluoride concentration of 19.3 μmol/L, and no abnormality in hepatic or renal functions was observed in any of the subjects during the two weeks postoperatively.

Conclusions: Accurate determinations of uptake and degradation rate for sevoflurane and three other volatile anesthetics in Japanese patients were obtained. These findings have established that, despite its relatively large MAC *1.71%), sevoflurane has a small uptake due to its low solubility. However, the degradation rade was shown to be as high as 3.3%, resulting in a higher serum fluoride concentration than seen after administration of isoflurane, halothane, and (possibly) enflurane.