首页 | 本学科首页   官方微博 | 高级检索  
文章检索
  按 检索   检索词:      
出版年份:   被引次数:   他引次数: 提示:输入*表示无穷大
  收费全文   124945篇
  免费   12340篇
  国内免费   6731篇
耳鼻咽喉   873篇
儿科学   2698篇
妇产科学   1936篇
基础医学   14107篇
口腔科学   2740篇
临床医学   12354篇
内科学   21593篇
皮肤病学   1770篇
神经病学   9814篇
特种医学   2373篇
外国民族医学   33篇
外科学   10302篇
综合类   20038篇
现状与发展   15篇
预防医学   10708篇
眼科学   3690篇
药学   14218篇
  37篇
中国医学   5405篇
肿瘤学   9312篇
  2024年   440篇
  2023年   1795篇
  2022年   3989篇
  2021年   5138篇
  2020年   4795篇
  2019年   4332篇
  2018年   4280篇
  2017年   4855篇
  2016年   5117篇
  2015年   5009篇
  2014年   8362篇
  2013年   9294篇
  2012年   8152篇
  2011年   8883篇
  2010年   7387篇
  2009年   6736篇
  2008年   7008篇
  2007年   6919篇
  2006年   6205篇
  2005年   5370篇
  2004年   4571篇
  2003年   3979篇
  2002年   3278篇
  2001年   2821篇
  2000年   2293篇
  1999年   1967篇
  1998年   1674篇
  1997年   1406篇
  1996年   1244篇
  1995年   1119篇
  1994年   890篇
  1993年   723篇
  1992年   646篇
  1991年   490篇
  1990年   454篇
  1989年   337篇
  1988年   279篇
  1987年   223篇
  1986年   184篇
  1985年   281篇
  1984年   234篇
  1983年   145篇
  1982年   198篇
  1981年   119篇
  1980年   129篇
  1979年   72篇
  1978年   57篇
  1977年   39篇
  1976年   37篇
  1975年   26篇
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 140 毫秒
91.
目的 探讨转化生长因子β(TGF-β)对人的颈椎关节突关节透明软骨细胞基质金属蛋白酶13(MMP-13)基因表达的作用,旨在阐明颈椎退行性变的相关发生机理。方法 应用逆转录方法PCR及实时荧光定量方法,检测不同浓度TGF-β作用传代培养人的透明软骨细胞MMP-13mRNA的含量。另外3种不同浓度分别与10ng/ml IL-1β组成联合作用组,共计6个实验组及1个正常对照组。结果 正常对照组中透明软骨细胞仅见MMP-13mRNA扩增产物,实验组TGF-β1、10和100ng/ml作用12h后,MMP-13mRNA表达逐渐增强;而联合作用组中,随着TGF-β1浓度的升高,MMP-13mRNA表达逐渐降低,并且各组之间存在明显的差异(P〈0.05)。结论 TGF-β可按剂量依赖方式调节颈椎关节突关节软骨细胞MMP-13mRNA的表达。  相似文献   
92.
Traditional treatments of spectacle magnification for distant objects consider only stigmatic spectacle lenses and they compare the retinal image size in a refractively fully compensated eye with the image size in the uncompensated eye. Spectacle magnification is expressed as a product of two factors, the power and shape factors of the lens. The power factor depends on the position of the entrance pupil of the eye. For an eye with an astigmatic cornea, however, the position of the entrance pupil is not well defined. Thus, the traditional approach to spectacle magnification does not generalize properly to allow for astigmatism. Within the constraints of linear optics and subject to the restriction that the eye's iris remains the aperture stop, this paper provides a complete, unified and exact treatment for optical instruments in general. It compares retinal image size in a generalized sense (including image shape and orientation) for any instrument in front of an eye with that of the eye alone irrespective of whether the instrument compensates or not. The approach does not make use of the concept of the entrance pupil at all and it allows for astigmatism and for non-alignment of refracting elements in the instrument and in the eye. The concept of spectacle magnification generalizes to the concept of instrument size magnification. Instrument size magnification can be expressed as the product of two matrix factors one of which can be interpreted as a power factor (as back-vertex power) and the other factor for which the name dilation factor is more appropriate in general. The general treatment is then applied to a number of special cases including afocal instruments, spectacle lenses (including obliquely crossing thick bitoric lenses), contact lenses, stigmatic systems and stigmatic eyes. In the case of spectacle lenses, the dilation factor reduces to the usual shape factor.  相似文献   
93.
A general expression is derived for the proximity factor in near image size magnification for an arbitrary instrument in front of an arbitrary eye. The proximity factor is a 2 x 2 matrix. The instrument and eye may be astigmatic and have decentred elements. The image on the retina may be blurred or not. The analysis is exact within the limitations of linear optics. The general results are specialized for the case of a stigmatic instrument and a stigmatic eye. The results are applied to the case of a thick, possibly bitoric, spectacle lens. The Appendix treats two numerical examples.  相似文献   
94.
Age‐related macular degeneration is a major cause of serious vision loss. The earliest stages of age‐related maculopathy may be defined by the size of the drusen present in the macula and the effects on vision. Further manifestations may include soft drusen, choroidal neovascularisation, macular haemorrhage and cicatricial or disciform degeneration of the macula. This report describes a patient with a macular haemorrhage, a choroidal neovascular membrane and serious loss of vision. In addition, the pathogenesis, diagnosis and treat‐ment options of macular degeneration are reviewed.  相似文献   
95.
陈勇  崔大祥  孙凯  杨雁灵  戴辉 《医学争鸣》2003,24(8):703-705
目的:克隆sFGFRl(soluble fibroblast growth factors receptor-1)基因,并在RTS(rapid translation system)系统中高效表达相应蛋白.方法:培养Swiss rat 3T3 fibroblast细胞株,提取总RNA,用RT—PCR方法获取鼠sFGFR1 cDNA片段,酶切后克隆到pIVEX2.3d载体并进行序列分析;采用Roche RTS ProteinMaster500系统,高效表达sFGFR1蛋白并用Western Blot鉴定表达的蛋白.结果:克隆了sFGFR1基因,测序证实序列正确;Western Blot证实sFGFR1蛋白在RTS系统中高效表达.结论:克隆了sFGFR1基因并在RTS系统获得高效表达.  相似文献   
96.
目的通过检测子宫内膜异位症(EMs)患者血清及腹腔液中血小板衍生生长因子(PDGF)、血管细胞粘附分子-(VCAM-1)浓度,探讨PDGF和VCAM-1在EMs发病中的作用。方法选取手术后病理证实为EMs的40例患者为EMs组,其中I~II期17例,III~IV23例;非EMs组20例作为对照组。应用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)检测血清及腹腔液中PDGF和VCAM-1水平。结果EMs组血清及腹腔液中PDGF、VCAM-1水平均明显高于对照组(P<0.01)。随EMs期别的增加,其血清和腹腔液中PDGF、VCAM-1含量呈上升趋势;EMsIII~IV期水平显著高于I~II期(P<0.05)。EMs患者PDGF与VCAM-1呈正相关性(P<0.05)。结论EMs患者PDGF、VCAM-1表达水平升高,在EMs的发生发展中具有重要作用。  相似文献   
97.
The expression of somatostatin receptors 1 and 2 in benign, pre‐malignant and malignant laryngeal lesions The role of chemotherapy in squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx has not been clearly defined. Whilst toxic chemotherapy regimes may confer a marginal improvement in survival, surgery and radiotherapy remain the mainstay of treatment. Somatostatin is a naturally occurring peptide, which exerts antiproliferative and antiangiogenic effects via five membrane‐bound receptor subtypes. The expression of somatostatin receptor subtypes (SSTRs) 1 and 2 was studied in benign, pre‐malignant and malignant laryngeal specimens. Epithelial expression of SSTR1 was detected in 4/6 (67%) Reinke's oedema, 5/6 (83%) pre‐malignant and 8/12 (67%) malignant specimens, with virtually no stromal or vascular expression. High levels of epithelial SSTR2 expression were noted in all Reinke's oedema specimens, compared with low‐to‐moderate levels in only 2/6 (33%) pre‐malignant and 3/12 (25%) malignant specimens (P < 0.01). This ‘loss’ of epithelial SSTR2 expression may provide a growth advantage in pre‐malignant and malignant laryngeal lesions. Vascular expression of SSTR2 was ubiquitous in all groups, with scant stromal expression. Overall, most (>80%) pre‐malignant and malignant laryngeal specimens expressed at least one of the two SSTR subtypes studied. Somatostatin analogues may have a therapeutic role in squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx.  相似文献   
98.
A patient with neutropenia and life-threatening infections secondary to T-γ lymphoproliferative disease, who did not respond to treatment with recombinant human G-CSF (filgrastim), was treated with filgrastim plus cyclosporine A (CyA). The patient achieved a good response in the absolute neutrophil count and subsequently required a dose reduction in the filgrastim. The patient was eventually discontinued from the CyA but continues on filgrastim alone. While on therapy, the large granular lymphocytes disappeared from the circulation and the beta-TCR rearrangement, which was present prior to beginning therapy, became undetectable. The patient had no significant toxicity to the CyA or the filgrastim and he has not experienced any serious infections or required hospitalization. Filgrastim has proven to be relatively nontoxic and of some benefit to patients with this disease and should probably be utilized first when treatment is necessary. However, if improvement is not observed, these findings suggest that a trial of the combination of CyA plus filgrastim may be beneficial.  相似文献   
99.
To determine if transforming growth factor alpha (TGFα) pretreatment protects hair cells from aminoglycoside induced injury by modifying their intracellular calcium concentration, we assayed hair cell calcium levels in organ of Corti explants both before and after aminoglycoside (i.e. neomycin, 10−3M) exposure either with or without growth factor pretreatment. After TGFα (500ng/ml) treatment, the intracellular calcium level of hair cells showed a five-fold increase as compared to the levels observed in the hair cells of control cultures. After ototoxin exposure, calcium levels in hair cells of control explants showed an increase relative to their baseline levels, while in the presence of growth factors pretreatment, hair cells showed a relative reduction in calcium levels. Pretreatment of organ of Corti explants afforded significant protection of hair cell stereocilia bundle morphology from ototoxic damage when compared to explants exposed to ototoxin alone. This study correlates a rise in hair cell calcium levels with the otoprotection of hair cells by TGFα in organ of Corti explants.  相似文献   
100.
Acute exposure to a neurotoxin, 3-nitropropionic acid (3-NPA), in rats results in an increase in total free fatty acid (FFA) concentration in selective brain regions. We investigated the effect of 3-NPA administration on the cerebral concentrations of FFA used as a marker of oxidative stress. Rats (n=3/group) were dosed subcutaneously (s.c.) either with a vehicle (phosphate buffer) or 3-NPA in phosphate buffer at 30 mg/kg body weight. Animals were sacrificed after 1, 2, 3, and 6 h of injection. Brains were then dissected into frontal cortex (FC), caudate nucleus (CN), and hippocampus (HIP). The concentration of total FFA increased from 130 to 300% within 1–2 h after 3-NPA injection in all brain regions when compared with the baseline level obtained from the control rats and taken as 100%. In CN, FFA returned to the baseline level within 3 h of treatment. However, in FC and HIP the concentration of FFA remained significantly elevated above the baseline until 6 h. The released FFA provide a substrate for free radicals formation. The results of this study suggest a role of oxidative stress in the mechanism of 3-NPA toxicity.  相似文献   
设为首页 | 免责声明 | 关于勤云 | 加入收藏

Copyright©北京勤云科技发展有限公司  京ICP备09084417号