注意力缺陷多动障碍患儿的骨龄发育水平和体质量的研究

目的探讨注意力缺陷多动障碍(attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,ADHD)儿童的骨龄发育水平与体质指数(body mass index,BMI),为ADHD开展有效的治疗与预防措施提供依据。方法采取自愿原则选自本院保健科心理门诊6~11岁的符合美国精神障碍诊断统计手册(DSM-Ⅳ)诊断标准的初诊ADHD儿童53例为观察组,生长发育门诊中选取正常健康儿童53例为对照组,采用数字化摄影仪拍摄左手腕骨正位X线片,用统一标准测量身高、体重,按CHN法(中国人手腕部骨发育评价标准)骨龄标准评价手腕骨龄片。结果观察组身高年龄与实际年龄的差均值(0.8±1.1)与对照组(-0.1±0.6)的比较差异有统计学意义(P0.001),骨龄与实际年龄差均值与对照组比较差异有高度统计学意义(P0.001),遗传身高与预测终身高的差均值(1.1±1.0)与对照组(1.0±0.4)比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05),BMI观察组(18.1±3.5)与对照组(16.2±2.3)两组均值比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 ADHD儿童的骨龄发育水平较早,体质指数偏高,不影响成年身高。     

Closed-Loop Neurofeedback of α Synchrony during Goal-Directed Attention

α Oscillations in sensory cortex, under frontal control, desynchronize during attentive preparation. Here, in a selective attention study with simultaneous EEG in humans of either sex, we first demonstrate that diminished anticipatory α synchrony between the mid-frontal region of the dorsal attention network and ventral visual sensory cortex [frontal-sensory synchrony (FSS)] significantly correlates with greater task performance. Then, in a double-blind, randomized controlled study in healthy adults, we implement closed-loop neurofeedback (NF) of the anticipatory α FSS signal over 10 d of training. We refer to this closed-loop experimental approach of rapid NF integrated within a cognitive task as cognitive NF (cNF). We show that cNF results in significant trial-by-trial modulation of the anticipatory α FSS measure during training, concomitant plasticity of stimulus-evoked α/θ responses, as well as transfer of benefits to response time (RT) improvements on a standard test of sustained attention. In a third study, we implement cNF training in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), replicating trial-by-trial modulation of the anticipatory α FSS signal as well as significant improvement of sustained attention RTs. These first findings demonstrate the basic mechanisms and translational utility of rapid cognitive-task-integrated NF.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT When humans prepare to attend to incoming sensory information, neural oscillations in the α band (8–14 Hz) undergo desynchronization under the control of prefrontal cortex. Here, in an attention study with electroencephalography, we first show that frontal-sensory synchrony (FSS) of α oscillations during attentive preparation significantly correlates with task performance. Then, in a randomized controlled study in healthy adults, we show that neurofeedback (NF) training of this α FSS signal within the attention task is feasible. We show that this rapid cognitive NF (cNF) approach engenders plasticity of stimulus-evoked neural responses, and improves performance on a standard test of sustained attention. In a final study, we implement cNF in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), replicating the improvement of sustained attention found in adults.     

Clinical implications of daytime sleepiness for the academic performance of middle school‐aged adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

This study investigated the relative impact of total time slept per night and daytime sleepiness on the academic functioning of 100 middle school‐aged youth (mean age = 11.9) with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The primary goal of the study was to determine if total time slept per night and/or daytime sleepiness, as measured by youth self‐report on the Pediatric Daytime Sleepiness Scale (PDSS), predicted academic functioning above and beyond symptoms of ADHD and relevant covariates, such as intelligence, achievement scores and parent education level. Self‐reported daytime sleepiness but not self‐reported total time slept per night was associated significantly with all academic outcomes. When examined in a hierarchical regression model, self‐reported daytime sleepiness significantly predicted parent‐rated homework problems and academic impairment and teacher‐rated academic competence above and beyond symptoms of ADHD and relevant covariates, but did not predict grade point average or teacher‐rated academic impairment. The implications of these findings for understanding more clearly the association between ADHD and sleep and the functional implications of this relationship are discussed.     

成人注意缺陷多动障碍的心理治疗(综述)

成人注意缺陷多动障碍(ADHD)对患者的社会功能存在持续不良影响,需要在药物治疗基础上进行包括心理治疗在内的综合性治疗.本文总结了针对成人ADHD不同种类的心理治疗方法,包括认知行为治疗、辩证行为治疗、正念冥想、训练治疗、婚姻家庭治疗,并对不同的治疗方法进行了研究、比较和总结.目前,中枢兴奋剂联合针对症状的心理治疗是多部治疗指南推荐的成人ADHD治疗方法,而在多种心理治疗方法中,认知行为治疗被证明对ADHD核心症状及与焦虑、抑郁相关的合并症状最为有效.最后本文分析了目前研究存在的问题和未来可能的研究方向,希望有助于成人ADHD的相关研究和临床治疗.