Contrasting the Social Cognition of Humans and Nonhuman Apes: The Shared Intentionality Hypothesis

Joint activities are ubiquitous in the animal kingdom, but they differ substantially in their underlying psychological states. Humans attribute and share mental states with others in the so‐called shared intentionality. Our hypothesis is that our closest nonhuman living relatives also attribute some psychological mechanisms such as perceptions and goals to others, but, unlike humans, they are not necessarily intrinsically motivated to share those psychological states. Furthermore, it is postulated that shared intentionality is responsible for the appearance of a suite of behaviors, including joint attention, declarative communication, imitative learning, and teaching, that are the basis of cultural learning and the social norms and traditions present in every human culture.     

Cooperative cytotoxicity of methyl jasmonate with anti-cancer drugs and 2-deoxy-D-glucose

The anti-cancer agent methyl jasmonate (MJ) acts in vitro and in vivo against various cancer cell lines, as well as leukemic cells from chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) patients. Given the importance of multi-agent combinations in cancer chemotherapy, the purpose of this study was to identify super-additive combinations of MJ and currently-available chemotherapeutic drugs. We identified such cooperative effects in six cell lines arising from different major types of malignancies, i.e., breast, lung, prostate and pancreas carcinomas as well as leukemia. The chemotherapeutic drugs tested were adriamycin, taxol, BCNU and cisplatin. For instance, MJ exhibited strong cooperative effects with BCNU in MIA PaCa-2 pancreatic carcinoma cells. Furthermore, MJ enhanced significantly (pV=0.028) the anti-leukemic effect of adriamycin in vivo, in a CLL mouse model. Finally, MJ cooperated with the glycolysis inhibitor 2-deoxy-D-glucose in inducing death of several types of carcinoma cells. We conclude that administration of MJ with common chemotherapeutic drugs and glycolysis inhibitors bears a promise for effective anti-cancer therapy.     

Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole-related hallucinations

Although adverse drug reactions are a well-recognized cause of mental status changes in the elderly, antimicrobials are not often implicated. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole-induced hallucinations in immune-competent patient with switching to nitrofurantoin and risperidone, without associated polypharmacy, have not been reported in the literature. In this case report, we present an 86-year-old Caucasian immune-competent female with major depressive disorder and insomnia who developed hallucinations when treated with two trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole tablets (80 mg/400 mg) in every 12 hours (4 tablets daily) because of lower urinary infection. After trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole discontinuation and switching to nitrofurantoin and risperidone, symptoms significantly improved.     

超声造影的临床应用及护理配合

目的 探讨超声造影的护理方法.方法 利用超声造影剂及其匹配成像技术对60例肝脏疾病病例进行超声造影,总结超声造影的护理配合及不良反应的观察.结果 60例肝脏疾病例超声造影通过医师与护理人员密切的配合,93.3％的患者能顺利超声造影并能取得良好显影效果,6.7％的患者超声造影显示不满意.结论 由于超声造影剂的特殊性,超声...     

The cognitive demands on cooperation in social dilemmas: An fMRI study

This study uses fMRI to investigate the cognitive demands of decision-making in two types of cooperation games: a prisoner's dilemma (PD) eliciting a temptation to free-ride, leading to a dominant, self-interested response, and a stag hunt (SH) that has no dominant response but offers pay-off incentives that make mutual cooperation collectively beneficial but risky. Consequently, the PD poses greater conflict between self- and collective interest, greater demands for computational reasoning to derive the optimal solution, and greater demands for mentalizing to infer the intentions of others. Consistent with these differences between the two games, the results indicate that the PD is associated with increased activity in the anterior cingulate gyrus, prefrontal cortex, parietal lobe, and temporoparietal junction. With less conflict, the demands for computation and mentalizing are reduced in the SH, and cooperation levels increase dramatically. The differences in brain activation elicited by the different incentive structures of the PD and the SH appear to be independent of individual differences in revealed social preferences.     

Anestesia y cirugía en condiciones muy precarias. Casos clínicos

We performed herniorrhaphy on 21 children (4 of them infants) and 3 adults, in very precarious conditions, in a hospital in a economically depressed area of the Democratic Republic of Congo. Anesthesia technique used in adults was subarachnoid and intravenous and intramuscular ketamine in children.Ketamine is an irreplaceable anesthetic in many parts of the world without resources, where the minimum safety means are not available. Knowing the simple anesthetic techniques, but with less risk, can also be useful in resourceful places, in unexpected situations. Greater solidarity is needed, both from anesthesia societies and from anesthesiologists, to alleviate the great deficiencies in well-trained professionals and means in places without resources.     

Effect of teach-back health education combined with structured psychological nursing on adverse emotion and patient cooperation during 99mTc-3PRGD2.SPECT/CT

BACKGROUND ^99mTc-3PRGD2.SPECT/CT is a commonly used examination method in nuclear medicine. However, patients receiving ^99mTc-3PRGD2.SPECT/CT have insufficient knowledge of this method and worry about the examination results.AIMTo investigate the effect of teach-back health education combined with structured psychological nursing on adverse emotion and cooperation in patients undergoing ^99mTc-3PRGD2.SPECT/CT examination.METHODSNinety patients undergoing ^99mTc-3PRGD2.SPECT/CT examinations were divided into a study group and a control group using a simple random number table, and 45 cases were allocated to each group. Routine nursing was provided to the control group, and teach-back health education combined with structured psychological nursing was provided to the study group on the basis of the control group. Heart rate, diastolic blood pressure, systolic blood pressure, self-rating depression scale (SDS), and self-rating anxiety scale (SAS) were assessed before and after the intervention, and examination cooperation and intervention satisfaction were assessed in the two groups before, during, and after the examination.RESULTSBefore the examination, heart rate, diastolic blood pressure, and systolic blood pressure in the study group were not significantly different from the values of the control group (P > 0.05). The results of the study group before and after the examination were lower than those in the control group (P < 0.05). Before the intervention, SDS and SAS scores in the study group were not significantly different from those in the control group (P > 0.05). After the intervention, SDS and SAS scores in the study group were lower than those in the control group (P < 0.05). The degree of cooperation was higher in the study group than in the control group (P < 0.05). The satisfaction rate with the intervention was higher in the study group than in the control group (P < 0.05).CONCLUSIONTeach-back health education combined with structured psychological nursing can help maintain the stability of blood pressure and heart rate, relieve negative emotions, and improve the satisfaction and cooperation of patients undergoing ^99mTc-3PRGD2.SPECT/CT examinations.     

Cordocytes-Stem Cells Cooperation in the Human Brain with Emphasis on Pivotal Role of Cordocytes in Perivascular Areas of Broken and Thrombosed Vessels

Abstract

This study is based on data analysis by light and transmission electron microscopy of the surgical cases in cerebral tumors, cerebrovascular malformations, thromboses in the carotid system, and other injuries such as perivascular hemorrhage. We examined cortical arteries and veins, perivascular areas with old hematic masses, vasculogenic foci, and broken large vessels. We identified, characterized, and compared both undifferentiated cells and well-differentiated cordocytes within periadventitial areas where these cells cooperate very well with precursor/stem cells to perform vital functions for cerebral vasculature with immediate effect on brain parenchyma. This useful cellular cooperation was observed by serial sections pointing out the main role of cordocytes during the entire process of collateral vessel formation after thrombosis and, respectively, in vascular wall repair after ruptures. This is the first cytohistopathological study which illustrates and explains some facets of cordocytes-stem cells cooperation around the vessels of human brain with emphasis on the fundamental role of cordocytes in response to vascular injuries. Our pioneering study will be completed for both basic science and modern medical care by further studies.     

The urgent need for in vitro tests in ecotoxicology

Ecotoxicological risk assessment should be regarded as consisting of several elements including molecular biology, cell toxicology, toxicology, ecology, chemistry and computer modelling [including quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) considerations]. A successful risk assessment requires an approach that integrates data and knowledge from all the separate elements. The relative importance of a certain element will vary, depending on the situation or the chemical in question. One important, perhaps the most important, piece of information needed in risk assessment is the information about the concentration range at which a chemical exerts adverse effects on the organisms living in the aquatic environment. Without such information no prediction can be made or safety factors established. A combination of good in vitro tests could provide that information. A proper choice of endpoints in in vitro testing could also provide information on sublethal effects and toxic mechanisms involved, enabling even a more efficient approach than whole animal testing. For aquatic in vitro toxicology to progress further, there is a need for a more integrated, a more comparative and a more mechanistic approach and for large-scale evaluations. It would be beneficial if researchers could agree on using a common set or a few sets of reference chemicals in their studies and if some organization would take the scientific responsibility for aiding in the development of a more integrated strategy.     

城市大医院与周边社区医疗机构联动构建新型医疗网络必须防止的几个问题

通过3个方面分析了城市大医院与周边社区医疗机构联动构建新型医疗网络中必须注意防止的几个问题,强调了城市大医院与社区医疗机构构建的关系是一种互补合作的关系,新型的医疗网络建设是应该建立在这种关系的基础上,才能巩固和发展。