优质护理在慢性乙型病毒性肝炎患者中的临床效果观察

目的研究优质护理策略在慢性乙型病毒性肝炎治疗中的临床效果。方法对入住该院治疗的慢性乙型病毒性肝炎患者106例进行研究,随机分为二组,在常规药物治疗的基础上,对照组给予基础护理,观察组患者给予优质护理策略,包括:宣讲教育、心理护理、饮食护理以及医护人员的管理等。结果观察组患者18个月的HBeAg转阴率、HBV DNA转阴率以及HBeAg/抗-HBe血清转化率均明显高于对照组,二组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组患者生活、饮食、用药等综合生活质量评分均明显高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组临床总有效率为90.6%,明显高于对照组71.7%,二组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论优质护理在慢性乙型病毒性肝炎患者的治疗中具有重要的作用,改善患者疾病状态更明显,可以显著提高生存质量,临床总有效率更高,值得在临床治疗中予以关注。     

序贯康复治疗COPD合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭疗效及对SP-D、CC16的影响

目的探讨序贯康复治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭的疗效及对肺表面活性物质蛋白D(SP-D)、克拉细胞分泌蛋白(CC16)水平的影响。方法COPD合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭患者160例按照治疗方法不同分为观察组和对照组。观察组78例出院时给予序贯康复治疗方案;对照组82例给予常规出院指导。所有患者于出院后3、6、12个月统计以下指标:心率、呼吸频率、FEV_1%预计值、FEV_1/FVC(%)、呼吸困难评分、6 min步行距离、生活质量评分;于出院时、出院后12个月检测血清SP-D、CC16含量。结果出院时血清SP-D、CC16水平2组无明显差异(P>0.05),出院后12个月观察组均较3个月及对照组降低(P均<0.05)。出院后3个月2组心率和呼吸频率均无明显差异(P>0.05);6、12个月观察组心率、呼吸频率较3个月及对照组改善(P均<0.05);3个月2组肺功能无明显差异(P>0.05),6、12个月观察组肺功能较3个月及对照组明显改善(P<0.05):呼吸困难、生活质量3个月2组无明显差异(P>0.05),6、12个月观察组均获明显改善(P<0.05),且改善幅度优于对照组(P<0.05);6、12个月观察组6 min步行距离均获明显提高且优于同期对照组(P<0.05)。结论序贯康复治疗COPD合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭,可有效改善患者生命体征及肺功能,减轻患者呼吸困难症状,提高生活质量,降低外周血SP-D、CC16水平。     

培哚普利对COPD大鼠肺功能及IL-8、TNF-α含量的影响

目的观察培哚普利对慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)大鼠肺功能和肺组织及血清中炎性因子的影响。方法将30只雄性SD大鼠随机分为3组,A组(正常对照组)、B组(LPS组)、C组(ACEI+LPS组),每组10只。采用2次气管滴注脂多糖(LPS)加烟熏的方法建立COPD大鼠模型,通过检测大鼠肺功能和血清及肺组织匀浆中IL-8、TNF-α含量,观察培哚普利对大鼠肺功能和体内炎性因子的影响。结果(1)大鼠呼吸功能测定:A组、B组与C组的VE值(ml/min)分别为180.50±23.58、108.50±33.53与140.90±33.10;PEP值(ml/s)分别为30.20±1.67、20.30±2.78与25.77±3.45;FEV_(0.3)值(ml)分别为4.91±0.30、4.01±0.30与4.55±0.18;与A组相比,B组、C组VE值分别下降40%、22%,PEP值分别下降33%、15%,FEV_(0.3)值分别下降18%、7%。3组间两两比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。(2)大鼠血清中IL-8含量(ng/L),A、B、C组分别为21 1.69±13.40、386.10±26.52、324.58±25.49;肺组织匀浆中A、B、C组分别为348.96±4.78、439.28±15.15、394.00±9.78,3组间两两比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。大鼠血清中TNF-α含量,A、B、C组分别为42.28±2.55、102.86±5.99、68.90±3.20;肺组织匀浆中A、B、C组分别为131.44±7.90、201.21±4.98、154.34±4.73,3组间两两比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论培哚普利能明显改善COPD大鼠肺功能,其机制可能是通过下调COPD大鼠血清和肺组织匀浆中IL-8、TNF-α含量而实现。     

舒利迭与无创通气联用对老年COPD合并呼吸衰竭患者的疗效观察

目的探讨舒利迭与无创通气(NPPV)联用对老年慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)合并呼吸衰竭(RF)患者的价值。方法 2012年4月—2014年3月住院治疗的老年COPD合并RF患者120例,随机分为2组,每组60例。对照组接受基础治疗加NPPV,而观察组在对照组的基础上予以舒利迭,疗程均6个月。治疗前后测量患者的肺功能指标:一秒用力呼气容积(FEV_1)、用力肺活量(FVC)和最大呼气流速(PEF),动脉血氧分压(PaO_2)、动脉二氧化碳分压(PaCO_2)及呼吸困难评分,记录2组患者的不良反应。结果治疗前,2组患者的FEV_1、FVC、PEF、PaO_2、PaCO_2和呼吸困难评分相比,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);治疗后,观察组FEV_1、FVC和PEF分别为(1.36±0.38)L、(2.19±0.67)L和(3.22±1.27)L/s,好于对照组的(1.16±0.22)L、(2.02±0.43)L和(2.73±1.01)L/s(P<0.05);治疗后,观察组PaO_2、PaCO_2和呼吸困难评分改善程度明显优于对照组(P<0.05),不良反应率为10.0%(6/60)高于对照组的6.7%(4/60),但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论舒利迭联合NPPV治疗能有效改善老年COPD合并RF患者的肺功能和动脉血气,有助于患者的康复,是安全有效的治疗手段。     

Reduction of opioid use and improvement in chronic pain in opioid-experienced patients after topical analgesic treatment: an exploratory analysis

Objective: There is a need to identify safe and effective opioid-sparing multimodal alternative treatment strategies and approaches, including topical analgesics, for opioid-experienced chronic pain patients to mitigate the risk of addiction, misuse, and abuse of opioids.

Methods: This subset analysis from a prospective, observational study evaluated changes in opioid use, other concurrent medication use, and pain severity and interference in opioid-experienced patients (OEP) treated with topical analgesics for chronic pain with measures obtained at baseline and 3- and 6- month follow-up.

Results: The 3-month opioid-experienced patient (3-month OEP) group included 121 patients who completed baseline and 3-month follow-up assessments; 27 opioid-experienced patients completed baseline and 6-month follow-up assessments (6-month OEP). Demographic characteristics, and mean pain severity and interference scores were similar between groups at baseline. After treatment with topical analgesics, 49% of patients in the 3-month and 56% of patients in the 6-month group reported they had completely discontinued use of opioids. In addition, 31% of patients at the 3-month assessment and 30% at the 6-month assessment reported that they were no longer taking any pain medication. Other concurrent medications decreased by 65% after 3 months, and 74% after 6 months. There were statistically significant decreases from baseline in pain severity and interference scores within the 3- (CI:0.7–1.4, 1.4–2.2) and 6-month (CI:0.7–2.4 (severity); CI:1.2–3.5 (interference)) OEP groups.

Conclusions: Opioid use and other concurrent medications decreased among opioid-experienced chronic pain patients after 3- and 6- months of treatment with topical analgesics. Pain severity and interference scores also decreased. The topical analgesics were reported to be effective and safe for the treatment of chronic pain, with randomized controlled trials needed to confirm these findings.     

μ型阿片受体参与CFA大鼠慢性炎性痛的外周调控

目的观察大鼠慢性炎性痛时背根神经节(dorsal root ganglion,DRG)μ型阿片受体(mu opioid receptor,MOR)表达的变化及炎症局部注射MOR激动剂和拮抗剂对痛阈的干预作用,探讨MOR在慢性炎性疼痛中的作用。方法足底注射弗氏完全佐剂(complete freund’s adjuvant,CFA)制备大鼠慢性炎性痛模型,采用免疫组化法检测DRG MOR阳性细胞的表达;经大鼠足跖背部分别注射MOR激动剂、拮抗剂,采用辐射热法检测给药前后大鼠痛阈的变化。结果足底注射CFA诱导出大鼠慢性炎性痛,在造模后第18天,痛阈依然低于正常对照组;免疫组化结果表明,与正常对照组相比,CFA大鼠DRG MOR阳性细胞表达增多(P<0.01);足跖背部注射MOR激动剂减轻CFA大鼠的疼痛,对正常大鼠痛阈无影响;足跖背部注射MOR拮抗剂加重CFA大鼠的疼痛,对正常大鼠痛阈无影响。结论 DRG神经元MOR在慢性炎性痛时表达上调,参与慢性炎性痛的外周调控,可能有助于防止慢性痛的进一步加重。     

Effectiveness of Pulmonary Rehabilitation in Patients With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease With Different Degrees of Static Lung Hyperinflation

Objective

To evaluate the effect of pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) on exercise performance and quality of life in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) with different degrees of static lung hyperinflation (LH).

ELISA法、荧光免疫法及PCR检测婴幼儿腹泻常见病毒

目的 了解不同方法学检测婴幼儿腹泻常见病毒的检测结果差异及一致性情况.方法 采用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)、免疫荧光法(四联法)及聚合酶链式反应(PCR)技术筛查深圳市福田区引起临床婴幼儿急性腹泻的轮状病毒(RV)、肠道腺病毒(EAdV)、诺如病毒(NV)和星状病毒(AstV)的抗原,并将检测结果数据进行对比.结果酶免法与荧光免疫法检测数据对比:对RV,NV,EAdV的抗原阳性检出率差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),对AstV抗原阳性检出率差异无统计学意义(P＜0.05);两种方法对RV的检测结果具有较好的一致性(Kappa值为0.558),对NV,EAdV和AstV的检测结果一致性较差(Kappa值分别为0.142,-0.025和0.361);ELISA法和PCR检测数据对比:ELISA法除对EAdV阳性检出率低于PCR外,对其他3种病毒的阳性检出率均高于PCR,且经x2检验显示两种方法对4种病毒的阳性检出率差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).两种方法对RV,NV,AstV的检测结果具有很好的一致性(Kappa值均＞0.75),对EAdV的检测结果一致性较好(Kappa值为0.537);荧光免疫法(四联法)和PCR检测数据对比:除AstV外,两种方法对其他3种病毒的阳性检出率差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).对RV的检测结果具有很好的一致性(Kappa值为0.764),对EAdV的检测结果一致性较好(Kappa值为0.452),NV和AstV的检测结果一致性差(Kappa值分别为0.181和-0.017).结论 ELISA法和荧光免疫法(四联法)对腹泻病毒的检测,除轮状病毒外,其它病毒检测结果的一致性较差,只可用于腹泻病原的初步筛查,确认必须进一步做培养或分子诊断;ELISA法、荧光免疫法(四联法)与PCR三者间的阳性检出率差异均有统计学意义,ELISA法与PCR检测结果的一致性明显较好.以PCR检测结果作为评估标准,ELISA法对四种腹泻病毒抗原的检测灵敏度、特异性及准确性均优于荧光免疫法,荧光免疫法检测结果的假阳性率较高.     

Nursing clinical practice changes to improve self‐management in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Aim

To propose nursing clinical practice changes to improve the development of patient self‐management.

Background

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is one of the main causes of chronic morbidity, loss of quality of life and high mortality rates.

Introduction

Control of the disease's progression, the preservation of autonomy in self‐care and maintenance of quality of life are extremely challenging for patients to execute in their daily living. However, there is still little evidence to support nursing clinical practice changes to improve the development of self‐management.

Methods

A participatory action research study was performed in a medicine inpatient department and the outpatient unit of a Portuguese hospital. The sample comprised 52 nurses and 99 patients. For data collection, we used interviews, participant observation and content analysis.

Results

The main elements of nursing clinical practice that were identified as a focus for improvement measures were the healthcare model, the organization of healthcare and the documentation of a support decision‐making process. The specific guidelines, the provision of material to support decision‐making and the optimization of information sharing between professionals positively influenced the change process. This change improved the development of self‐management skills related to the awareness of the need for ‘change’, hope, involvement, knowledge and abilities.

Discussion

The implemented changes have improved health‐related behaviours and clinical outcomes.

Conclusion

To support self‐management development skills, an effective nursing clinical practice change is needed. This study has demonstrated the relevance of a portfolio of techniques and tools to help patients adopt healthy behaviours.

Implications for nursing and/or health policy

The involvement and participation of nurses and patients in the conceptualization, implementation and evaluation of policy change are fundamental issues to improve the quality of nursing care and clinical outcomes.