Clinical implications,diagnosis,and management of diabetes in patients with chronic liver diseases

Diabetes mellitus(DM) negatively affects the development and progression of chronic liver diseases(CLD) of various etiologies. Concurrent DM and CLD are also associated with worse clinical outcomes with respect to mortality, the occurrence of hepatic decompensation, and the development of hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC). Unfortunately, early diagnosis and optimal treatment of DM can be challenging, due to the lack of established clinical guidelines as well as the medical complexity of this patient population. We conducted an exploratory review of relevant literature to provide an up-to-date review for internists and hepatologists caring for this patient population. We reviewed the epidemiological and pathophysiological associations between DM and CLD, the impact of insulin resistance on the progression and manifestations of CLD, the pathogenesis of hepatogenic diabetes, as well as the practical challenges in diagnosis and monitoring of DM in this patient population. We also reviewed the latest clinical evidence on various pharmacological antihyperglycemic therapies with an emphasis on liver disease-related clinical outcomes. Finally, we proposed an algorithm for managing DM in patients with CLD and discussed the clinical and research questions that remain to be addressed.     

肝内胆管癌新辅助治疗共识与争议

肝内胆管癌（ICC）恶性程度高，症状隐匿，早期症状不明显，由于缺乏有效的筛查，确诊时多处于进展期，大多失去手术切除机会。目前，根治性手术仍是惟一可以使病人获得长期生存的治疗方式，但存在切除率低、术后易复发等难题。新辅助治疗能缩小原有病灶及转移的淋巴结，提高R0切除率，对于无法切除的局部晚期ICC，新辅助治疗可使局部进展的ICC降期为可切除，也可改善肝移植病人的预后。但目前对ICC行新辅助治疗的潜在效用仍存在争议。     

TACE对原发性肝癌患者的疗效及NLR、PLR的影响研究

目的研究经导管动脉化疗栓塞(TACE)对原发性肝癌患者的疗效及中性粒细胞/淋巴细胞计数比(NLR)、血小板/淋巴细胞计数比(PLR)的影响。方法选择2015年6月～2019年1月我院接诊的原发性肝癌患者80例作为研究对象,采用随机数表法将患者分为两组,每组各40例。对照组予传统肝切除术治疗,观察组采用TACE治疗。对比两组治疗后的临床效果,NLR、PLR、癌胚抗原(CEA)、可溶性B7-H4、可溶性白细胞介素-2受体(sIL-2R)及并发症发生情况。结果治疗后,两组患者的总有效率分别为75.00%和52.50%,观察组高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);治疗前,两组患者NLR、PLR水平对比,差异无统计学意义(P0.05);治疗后,患者NLR、PLR水平下降,观察组低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);治疗前,两组患者CEA、B7-H4、sIL-2R水平对比,差异无统计学意义(P0.05);治疗后,两组患者CEA、B7-H4、sIL-2R水平下降,观察组低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);两组患者并发症发生率分别为17.50%、40.00%,观察组低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论在原发性肝癌患者中使用TACE效果显著,可有效改善患者肿瘤标志物水平,减少并发症,值得推广应用。     

实时剪切波弹性成像在拉米夫定治疗乙肝纤维化过程中的疗效评估作用

目的探讨实时剪切波弹性成像在评估拉米夫定治疗乙肝纤维化临床疗效中的作用。方法选取2017年1月～2018年1月我院收治的80例乙肝纤维化患者,根据随机数字法分为对照组和观察组,每组40例。对照组采用常规治疗,观察组在对照组的基础上给予拉米夫定进行治疗,治疗6个月。比较两组治疗前后肝功能、肝纤维化指标,利用实时剪切波弹性成像评估两组治疗前后肝脏弹性模量值及肝穿刺活检情况,并进行比较。结果两组治疗后AST、ALT、TBIL水平均明显低于治疗前,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);观察组治疗后AST、ALT、TBIL水平均明显低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);两组治疗后HA、LN、PⅢPN-P、CL-Ⅳ水平及杨氏弹性模量值均显著低于治疗前,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);观察组治疗后HA、LN、PⅢPN-P、CL-Ⅳ水平及杨氏弹性模量值均显著低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);与治疗前相比,两组治疗后肝穿刺活检结果均有好转,尤其是汇管区、肝小叶内炎症及肝纤维化改善明显。结论实时剪切波弹性成像作为肝脏硬度定量检测的无创性技术,可用于拉米夫定治疗乙肝纤维化临床疗效评估的重要方法。     

富硒酵母与TACE治疗原发性肝癌临床疗效及安全性

目的观察富硒酵母与经肝动脉化疗栓塞术(TACE)治疗原发性肝癌的临床疗效并评价其应用安全性。方法选择我院2016年11月～2018年5月收治的89例原发性肝癌患者为本次研究对象,按照患者入院后病床单双号分为单号45例为对照组,双号44例为观察组;对照组采用TACE,观察组在对照组的基础上加富硒酵母口服,2个月后对比两组患者疗效及安全性。结果血硒含量:治疗前两组比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05),观察组治疗后血硒水平明显高于治疗前,与治疗前、对照组治疗后比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);血清VEGF水平:治疗前两组差异无统计学意义(P0.05),观察组治疗后明显高于治疗前,差异有统计学意义(P0.05),但与对照组治疗后比较相对较低,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);KPS评分:治疗前两组比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05),治疗后观察组下降幅度低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);两组不良反应情况比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论富硒酵母联合TACE治疗原发性肝癌能够有效改善患者低硒状态,抑制血清VEGF水平,控制肿瘤进展,且无严重不良反应,安全性高,值得临床推广应用。     

Acute liver injury,acute liver failure and acute on chronic liver failure: A clinical spectrum of poisoning due to Gyromitra esculenta

Gyromitra esculenta, also known as “false morel” is one of the most poisonous mushrooms. This species is found all over the world, growing in coniferous forest in early spring time. Common manifestation of poisoning includes gastrointestinal symptoms which include varied degrees of liver impairment.We describe three cases: acute liver injury, acute liver failure and acute-on-chronic liver failure due to G. esculenta poisoning. At admission patients presented with encephalopathy and features of liver failure. Two of them recovered completely following supportive management while the remaining patient who also had preexisting liver disease developed multiorgan failure and subsequently died.Although a rare occurrence, G. esculenta poisoning should be considered in the differential diagnosis of acute liver failure.