Rapid tolerance and locomotor sensitization in ethanol-naïve adolescent rhesus macaques

Background: Acute and chronic tolerance, as well as locomotor sensitization, have been linked to ethanol intake. This study examined the change in response between 2 acutely administered doses of ethanol in adolescent rhesus macaques, with the objective of investigating rapid tolerance and locomotor sensitization to the behavioral effects of ethanol, and whether these phenomena are related to voluntary ethanol consumption in nonhuman primates. Methods: Rhesus macaques (n = 109, 42 males, 67 females) were administered 2 sequential intravenous doses of ethanol (2.2 g/kg for males, 2.0 g/kg for females) separated by a period of 5 to 30 days. Following each injection, subjects underwent a 30‐minute behavior assessment. Behavioral data were summarized using factor analysis, and compared between the 2 doses using repeated measures ANOVA. The relationship between behavioral response measures and the number of days between doses was analyzed using regression analyses. Following the second ethanol dose, subjects were given free access to an aspartame‐sweetened 8.4% ethanol solution for 1 hour a day for 4 weeks. Percent change in behavioral response measures from dose 1 to dose 2 was analyzed for associations with ethanol consumption using multiple regression analyses. Results: Factor analysis yielded 3 factors: ataxia, stimulation, and jumping. From dose 1 to dose 2 there was a significant decrease in ataxia and a significant increase in stimulation. Peak blood ethanol concentration did not differ between doses. There were no significant associations between the number of days between doses and the magnitude of change in response for any of the behavioral measures. Percent change in stimulation from dose 1 to dose 2 was positively associated with subsequent oral ethanol consumption only in females tested in a social setting. Conclusions: Adolescent rhesus macaques develop rapid tolerance to the motor‐impairing effects of alcohol, while at the same time developing locomotor sensitization. These changes in response are not necessarily short lived, and may persist for some time following the first ethanol dose. Clear and consistent associations between rapid tolerance and locomotor sensitization and ethanol intake levels have yet to be demonstrated, however.     

中西医结合治疗青春期功能失调性子宫出血临床分析

目的：探讨中西医结合治疗青春期功能失调性子宫出血的临床疗效。方法选择2011年8月—2013年4月在该院接受治疗的青春期功能失调性子宫出血患者100例,将所有患者按照治疗方法均分为两组,其中对照组采用西医治疗,而观察组在采用中西医结合治疗,比较两组的临床疗效。结果观察组总有效率为98%,对照组总有效率为88%,两组比较差异显著,有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论采用中西医结合治疗青春期功能失调性子宫出血,安全有效,治疗效果明显,因此临床应用价值较高。     

Sexual orientation and adolescent substance use: a meta-analysis and methodological review

AIMS: Several decades of research have shown that lesbian, gay and bisexual (LGB) adults are at high risk for substance use and substance use disorders (SUDs). These problems may often start prior to young adulthood; however, relatively little is known about risk for substance use in LGB adolescents. The primary aims of this paper were to conduct a meta-analysis of the relationship between sexual orientation and adolescent substance use and a systematic review and critique of the methodological characteristics of this literature. METHODS: Medical and social science journals were searched using Medline and PsychInfo. Studies were included if they tested the relationship between sexual orientation and adolescent substance use. Eighteen published studies were identified. Data analysis procedures followed expert guidelines, and used National Institutes of Health (NIH)-sponsored meta-analysis software. RESULTS: LGB adolescents reported higher rates of substance use compared to heterosexual youth (overall odds ratio = 2.89, Cohen's d = 0.59). Effect sizes varied by gender, bisexuality status, sexual orientation definition and recruitment source. None of the studies tested mediation and only one tested moderation. One employed a matched comparison group design, one used a longitudinal design, and very few controlled for possible confounding variables. CONCLUSIONS: The odds of substance use for LGB youth were, on average, 190% higher than for heterosexual youth and substantially higher within some subpopulations of LGB youth (340% higher for bisexual youth, 400% higher for females). Causal mechanisms, protective factors and alternative explanations for this effect, as well as long-term substance use outcomes in LGB youth, remain largely unknown.     

Neighbourhood disadvantage and individual adversities in adolescence and total alcohol consumption up to mid-life—Results from the Northern Swedish Cohort

This study tests if neighbourhood socioeconomic disadvantage and family social and material adversities during adolescence are independently related to total alcohol consumption from adolescence through to mid-life. Self-reports from the Northern Swedish Cohort (effective sample=950) at ages 16, 18, 21, 30 and 42 was combined with register data on the socioeconomic composition of neighbourhoods at age 16. Total volume of alcohol consumed between age 16–42 was estimated based on the five survey waves, and self-reported social and material adversities were computed as composite variables. Neighbourhood socioeconomic disadvantage at age 16 was associated with alcohol consumption age 16–42 for men but not for women. Social adversities at age 16 were associated with alcohol consumption age 16–42 for both women and men, but material adversity or parental class was not. In conclusion, neighbourhood socioeconomic disadvantage in adolescence has a significant relationship with later alcohol consumption among men, even independently from individual factors. On family level, social factors but not socioeconomic factors in adolescence independently predict later alcohol consumption.     

A Review on Attachment and Adolescent Substance Abuse: Empirical Evidence and Implications for Prevention and Treatment

Background: This paper reviews research on the relation of attachment and substance use disorders (SUD) in adolescence. Based on a theoretical introduction, we review evidence for a possible general link between SUD and insecure attachment, for links between specific forms of SUD and specific patterns of attachment, and for studies on family patterns of attachment in adolescence. Methods: Using medical and psychological databases, we identified 10 studies on adolescent SUD and another 13 studies on adult SUD. Results: Empirical evidence strongly supports the assumption of insecure attachment in SUD samples. With regard to specific patterns of attachment, results mainly point towards fearful and dismissing-avoidance, whereas single studies report preoccupied and unresolved patterns. Results indicate different patterns of attachment in different groups of substance abusers, that is, fearful-avoidant attachment in heroin addicts and more heterogeneous results in abusers of other substances. Explorative data suggest different types of insecure family attachment patterns, which might imply different functions of substance abuse and lead to different treatment recommendations. Methodological problems such as poor assessment of SUD and the use of different measures of attachment limit comparability. Conclusions: Although a lot of research is still needed to address the unknowns in the relation between attachment and SUD, there is strong evidence for a general link between SUD and insecure attachment. Data on connections between different patterns of attachment and different pathways towards SUD are less conclusive but mainly point to disorganized and externalizing pathways. Evidence suggests that fostering attachment security might improve the outcome of state-of-the-art approaches in both early interventional treatment and prevention. Implications for individual and family approaches are outlined.     

Examining Potential Substance Use Disorders Among Former Interscholastic Athletes

Background: Despite numerous studies examining the association between competitive sports participation and substance use behaviors among adolescents and young adults, the use of standardized measures to assess potential substance use disorders has been largely neglected. The objective of this study was to examine if past involvement in interscholastic sports (competitive school-sponsored sports) was associated with potential substance use disorders in young adulthood. Methods: Data for this study were taken from the Student Life Survey (SLS). A total of 3442 young adults participated in the SLS during the spring semester in 2013, with 74% of males and 71% of females indicating participation in interscholastic sport during high school. Results: Respondents who participated in interscholastic sports during high school had higher odds of positive screens for potential alcohol use disorders when compared with their peers who did not participate in interscholastic sports. No association was detected between interscholastic sports participation and potential drug abuse disorders. Moreover, previous involvement in certain types of sports was found to be associated with positive screens for potential alcohol use disorders (i.e., crew and football) and positive screens for potential drug abuse disorders (i.e., lacrosse) among the sample of young adults. Conclusions: School and community sport organizations should be aware of the potential link between sports participation and potential substance use disorders, and may consider brief substance use screeners during yearly physicals to monitor potential substance use problems among athletes.     

The development of microalbuminuria is associated with raised longitudinal adiponectin levels in female but not male adolescent patients with type 1 diabetes

AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: We determined the longitudinal relationship between adiponectin levels and the development of microalbuminuria in an inception cohort of children with type 1 diabetes. METHODS: Blood samples collected annually over a median of 9.0 (range 1.3-14.9) years were assayed for adiponectin and HbA(1c) in 55 children (36 girls) with type 1 diabetes and microalbuminuria whose age of onset of diabetes was 9.4 years (range 2.2-15.4). Samples were also assayed from normoalbuminuric children (controls) matched for age, sex and duration of diabetes. RESULTS: Overall, adiponectin levels were higher in girls than in boys, but only after 11 years of age (median [range]: 15.3 [5.8-124.4] vs 11.6 [4.1-26.5] mg/l, p < 0.001). Furthermore, adiponectin levels were higher in girls with microalbuminuria than in control girls, but this was only apparent after the onset of microalbuminuria (p = 0.001, adjusted for BMI, daily insulin dose, HbA(1c) and age). In boys, adiponectin levels did not differ between those with microalbuminuria and controls. Further sex-related discordant associations with adiponectin levels were observed; in girls, adiponectin levels were positively related to HbA(1c) levels (r = 0.2, p = 0.05) and urine albumin excretion (r = 0.3, p < 0.05) and inversely related to BMI (r = -0.2, p < 0.05). These associations were absent in boys. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: In adolescent girls with type 1 diabetes but not in boys, adiponectin levels increase with increasing urine albumin excretion and onset of microalbuminuria. Although causal links cannot be inferred, this sexual dimorphism may reflect interactive effects of hyperglycaemia and sex steroids on risk of complications and adiponectin production.     

Mineurs non accompagnés accueillis au centre psychiatrique d’orientation et d’accueil de l’hôpital Sainte-Anne,Paris

Since its creation, the Psychiatric Guidance and Reception Centre (CPOA) has received and cared for patients aged 16 to 18. Among them, the rate of Unaccompanied Minor Refugees (UMR) has steadily increased, from 10% in 2016 to 12% in 2018. Meeting UMR patients most often occurs at the peak of their crisis, when their personal resources are overwhelmed and when they experience a severe state of psychological suffering. Our objective was to understand who UMR are concerning the particularities and the similarities they could share at clinical and therapeutic levels with other adolescents. We conducted a retrospective and observational cohort study of the 52 UMR received at the CPOA in 2018 in order to draw a portrait of them, to identify the specificities of their care, their guidance and their access to care, and to compare them with other young non UMR patients. UMR we met at CPOA in 2018 were most often boys aged 16 to 17, with limited resources and in great psychological distress. UMR had more suicidal behaviors (19%) than other minor patients (13%), and our results showed more prolonged consultations for UMR than non UMR at the CPOA (44% versus 41%), indicating that the isolated situation of UMRs complicates their ambulatory support. This study also allowed us to question the existence of emergency care specially dedicated to UMR. Although there are few recommendations to date, it seems important to reintroduce time into their care, in order to recreate a unit, which has sufficient place and time for these young patients whose lives are marked by many breakdowns.     

白细胞介素-10启动子区单核苷酸多态性与少儿系统性红斑狼疮相关性研究

目的 探讨白细胞介素（IL）－10启动子区近端三个单核苷酸多态性（SNPs)(-1082/-819/-529)与少儿系统性红斑狼疮（SLE）发病的相关性。方法 80例少儿SLE及家系中应用SNAP－SHOT技术进行基因分型，经Genehunter2.0软件统计分析三个SNPs基因型单倍型（ATA，ACC，GCC）与少儿SLE发病的相关性。同时分析单倍型（ATA，ACC，GCC）与患儿某些临床表现之间的联系。结果 各基因型和单倍型与少儿SLE发病以及各单倍型与患儿的临床表现均无显著相关性。比较各单倍型分布频率发现，患儿GCC分布频率明显高于SLE成人期发病群体，而ATA分布频率则明显低于SLE成人期发病群体，ACC的分布频率在各群体中较为一致。此外，患儿和父母各单倍型分布频率差异未见有显著性。结论 单倍型GCC可能对少儿SLE发病存在某种影响。