物联网辅助成人急性呼吸窘迫综合征诊治中国专家共识

为了更好地将物联网医学技术应用于ARDS诊治，现基于“ARDS智能辅助诊治程序”（以下简称ARapp）制定中国专家共识。ARapp功能：（1）辅助医生诊断：根据患者临床资料智能诊断ARDS并生成严重程度分级；建立在线ARapp5A数据库，实时抓取数据并维护维护更新；借助海量数据训练诊断模型，提高自身诊断效能。（2）指导医生治疗：形成以指南为基础的治疗意见供医生参考，提供联系专家及多学科会诊，并协助出院后随访。同时为保证辅助诊治的治疗，还需对数据及医生的临床实践进行质量控制。从而真正将物联网医学技术落实到ARDS的精准诊断及同质化治疗中。     

Respiratory compliance and resistance in mechanically ventilated patients with acute respiratory failure

The purpose of this study was noninvasive assessment of respiratory compliance and resistance in mechanically ventilated patients with acute respiratory failure (ARF). To this end, flow, change in lung volume, and airway pressure were measured at the proximal tip of the endotracheal tubes in twenty nine critically ill unselected patients. Eleven had acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), 8 had adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and 10 had ARF of various etiologies. Static compliance (Cst,rs), intrinsic PEEP (PEEPi), as well as minimum and maximum resistance (Rrs,min and Rrs,max, respectively) were obtained with end-inspiratory and end-expiratory airway occlusions. We found that: (1) PEEPi was present in all patients with COPD (up to 11.4 cmH₂O) and it was not uncommon in patients with ARF without history of chronic airway disease (up to 4.1 cmH₂O). (2) Without correction for PEEPi average Cst,rs was not significantly different between ARDS and COPD patients, whereas the average corrected compliance was significantly lower in ARDS patients. (3) Substantial frequency-dependence of resistance was exhibited not only by COPD patients, but also by ARDS patients.A preliminary report was presented at the joint meeting SEP-SEPCR, Paris, September 3rd, 1986.Currently on sabbatical leave from the University of Cincinnaty     

俯卧位通气联合肺复张治疗对重症ARDS患者氧合及预后的影响

目的：比较重症ARDS患者在不同体位下进行肺复张治疗的效果以及对预后的影响。方法选择2011年3月-2013年3月入住我院重症医学科的重症ARDS患者120例,随机均分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,两组患者均通过气管插管进行机械通气,其中俯卧位组在入组后立即进行俯卧位通气。两组患者均接受肺复张治疗,比较两组的一般情况、呼吸机设置、动脉血气分析及28d病死率。结果两组患者经过控制性肺膨胀法进行肺复张后均能提高患者的氧合指数,但俯卧位组改善更显著（P＜0.05）。俯卧位组的28d病死率及机械通气时间也显著降低（P＜0.001）,但不良事件的发生率较仰卧位组高（P＜0.001）。结论俯卧位通气联合肺复张治疗能改善重症ARDS患者的氧合及预后。     

Avian influenza A (H7N9) virus infection in humans: Epidemiology,evolution, and pathogenesis

New human influenza A virus strains regularly emerge causing seasonal epidemics and occasional pandemics. Lately, several zoonotic avian influenza A strains have been reported to directly infect humans. In early 2013, a novel avian influenza A virus (H7N9) strain was discovered in China to cause severe respiratory disease in humans. Since then, over 450 human cases of H7N9 infection have been discovered and 165 of them have died. Multiple epidemiological, phylogenetic, in vivo, and in vitro studies have been done to determine the origin and pathogenesis of novel H7N9 strain. This article reviews the literature related to the epidemiology, evolution, and pathogenesis of the H7N9 strain since its discovery in February 2013 till August 2014. The data available so far indicate that H7N9 was originated by a two-step reassortment process in birds and transmitted to humans through direct contact with live-bird markets. H7N9 is a low-pathogenic avian virus and contains several molecular signatures for adaptation in mammals. The severity of the respiratory disease caused by novel H7N9 virus in humans can be partly attributed to the age, sex, and underlying medical conditions of the patients. A universal influenza vaccine is not available, though several strain-specific H7N9 candidate vaccine viruses have been developed. Further, novel H7N9 virus is resistant to antiviral drug amantadine and some H7N9 isolates have acquired the resistance to neuraminidase-inhibitors. Therefore, constant surveillance and prompt control measures combined with novel research approaches to develop alternative and effective anti-influenza strategies are needed to overcome influenza A virus.     

小剂量甲基泼尼龙注射液对严重创伤患者血管外肺水指数的影响

目的临床观察小剂量甲基泼尼龙注射液对严重创伤患者血管外肺水（EVLW）的影响,以评价甲泼尼松龙注射液对严重创伤的治疗作用。方法根据创伤严重程度评分（ISS）选取38例严重创伤患者,随机分成甲泼尼龙治疗组（n=20）和对照组（n=18）,均接PICCO监护仪测得治疗前、治疗后第1、3、5天EVLWI,并同步监测氧合指数（PaO2/FIO2）和免疫指标HLA—DR,对两组所得数据进行统计学分析。结果@EVLWI：对照组在3天时EVLWI升高,5天开始下降,而甲泼尼龙治疗组EvLwI3天后开始下降,5天时降至正常,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;甲泼尼龙治疗组在治疗后3、5天,EVLWI有明显下降（P〈0．05）。（爹氧合指数：甲泼尼龙治疗组第3天时氧合指数正常,较治疗前有明显升高（P〈0．01）,对照组氧合指数在5天升至正常,两组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。③HLA—DR：两组差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论甲泼尼龙注射液通过抑制全身炎性反应,能降低严重创伤患者的血管外肺水指数,改善患者的氧合,同时HLA—DR未下降,提示甲泼尼龙能改善严重创伤后肺损伤,同时对患者免疫功能影响较小。     

Paracrine factors from mesenchymal stem cells: a proposed therapeutic tool for acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome

Despite extensive researches in acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), current pharmacological therapies and respiratory support are still the main methods to treat patients with ALI and ARDS and the effects remain limited. Hence, innovative therapies are needed to decrease the morbidity and mortality. Because of the proven therapeutic effects in other fields, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) might be considered as a promising alternative to treat ALI and ARDS. Numerous documents demonstrate that MSCs can exert multiple functions, such as engraftment, differentiation and immunoregulation, but now the key researches are concentrated on paracrine factors secreted by MSCs that can mediate endothelial and epithelial permeability, increase alveolar fluid clearance and other potential mechanisms. This review aimed to review the current researches in terms of the effects of MSCs on ALI and ARDS and to analyse these paracrine factors, as well as to predict the potential directions and challenges of the application in this field.