The role of sugar, xylitol, toothbrushing frequency, and use of fluoride toothpaste in maintenance of adults' dental health: findings from the Finnish National Health 2000 Survey

We assessed the effect of certain oral health-related behaviours on adults' dental health. As part of the Finnish nationwide Health 2000 Survey, dentate subjects, 30-64 yr of age, reported their frequency of consumption of eight sugar- and xylitol-containing products, together with toothbrushing frequency and use of fluoride toothpaste, and underwent clinical oral examination (n = 4,361). The mean number of teeth present (NoT) was 24.2 and the mean numbers of sound teeth (ST), filled teeth (FT), and decayed teeth (DT) were 10.8, 12.1, and 1.1 for men and 9.6, 13.8, and 0.5 for women, respectively. Consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages was more frequent than that of other sugar-containing products, and greater in men than in women. Daily use of xylitol chewing gum was reported by 13% of the men and by 22% of the women. Toothbrushing at least twice daily was reported by 47% of the men and by 79% of the women; 86% and 96%, respectively, reported daily use of fluoride toothpaste. The frequency of consumption of sugar- and xylitol-containing products and of toothbrushing, as well as use of fluoride toothpaste, play a role in the dental health of dentate adults, with the impact being weak on NoT, ST, and FT, but stronger on DT, especially concerning toothbrushing frequency (relative risk = 1.5) and use of fluoride toothpaste (relative risk = 1.8). Understanding the impact of certain oral health-related behaviours on dental health in adults would facilitate better targeting of oral self-care messages.     

Effect of xylitol and other carbon sources on Streptococcus pneumoniae biofilm formation and gene expression in vitro

Xylitol inhibits the growth of Streptococcus pneumoniae. In clinical trials, xylitol decreased the occurrence of acute otitis media in day-care children, but did not decrease nasopharyngeal carriage of pneumococci. We hypothesized that xylitol inhibits biofilm formation of pneumococci, and measured biofilm formation and gene expression levels of the capsule gene cpsB and two other genes: autolysin encoding gene lytA and competence gene comA in different growth media in vitro. Twenty pneumococcal isolates were grown on polystyrene plates for 18 h in test media containing 0.5% xylitol, 0.5% glucose, 0.5% xylitol and 0.5% glucose, 0.5% fructose, 0.5% xylitol and 0.5% fructose or brain heart infusion (BHI) medium supplemented with 10% horse serum. Gene expression levels were measured after 5 h of growth using a relative quantification method with calibrator normalization. Exposure to xylitol lowered OD values, which were used as an indication of biofilm, compared with BHI medium, but when the medium was supplemented with glucose or fructose, biofilm formation was enhanced and the inhibitory effect of xylitol on biofilm formation was not observed. Xylitol also lowered lytA expression levels. Changes in biofilm formation in response to different sugar compounds may partly explain the efficacy of xylitol to prevent acute otitis media in previous clinical trials.     

Hydrophobic UV-Curable Powder Clear Coatings: Study on the Synthesis of New Crosslinking Agents Based on Raw Materials Derived from Renewable Sources

Methods for the synthesis of urethane acrylates used as new crosslinking agents for hydrophobic UV-curable powder clear coatings were developed. In the synthesis of urethane acrylates, isophorone diisocyanate, glycerin, xylitol, polyethylene glycol and polysiloxane KF-6000, as well as 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate or 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, were used. In order to increase the functionality of urethane acrylates, glycerin and xylitol derived from renewable sources were introduced. The chemical structure of the urethane acrylates was verified by IR spectroscopy. UV-curable powder clear coatings were obtained through a combination of urethane acrylates with unsaturated polyester resins. The thermal behavior and crosslinking density were examined using DMA. The obtained coatings were evaluated by performing the following tests: roughness, gloss, scratch resistance, hardness, adhesion to steel and water contact angle. As part of this research, high hydrophobicity and scratch resistance of UV-curable powder clear coatings were developed, which are a VOC-free and economically attractive alternative method for low thermal resistance surface protection, such as for composites, wood and wood-based materials.     

硝普钠在糖尿病患者适用输液体系中的稳定性考察

目的考察室温条件下硝普钠与胰岛素在5%葡萄糖注射液中以及硝普钠在木糖醇注射液中的稳定性。方法采用高效液相色谱法测定输液配制后14 h内各药的含量变化,同时观察期间输液的pH值、外观和微粒数的变化情况。结果各输液配制后,室温下0~14 h的外观、pH值、药物含量均无明显变化,各时间点的微粒数均符合药典要求。结论在室温条件下,14 h内硝普钠与胰岛素在5%葡萄糖注射液中以及硝普钠在木糖醇注射液中性质稳定。     

奥扎格雷钠在转化糖等三种注射液中的稳定性考察

目的考察注射用奥扎格雷钠在转化糖等三种注射液中的稳定性。方法采用高效液相色谱(HPLC)法测定6 h内奥扎格雷钠在转化糖等三种注射液中的含量,并考察配伍液在不同时间的外观、pH值变化。结果奥扎格雷钠在转化糖等三种注射液中中的含量6 h内无明显变化,各配伍液的外观和PH值无明显变化。结论室温6 h内,注射用奥扎格雷钠可以在转化糖等三种注射液中配伍使用。     

奥美拉唑钠在木糖醇注射液中的稳定性考察

目的考察注射用奥美拉唑钠与木糖醇注射液配伍后的稳定性。方法用高效液相色谱法考察配伍前后奥美拉唑钠的含量变化,并观察配伍液的外观及pH变化。结果注射用奥美拉唑钠与木糖醇注射液配伍后4 h内含量、pH及溶液外观均无明显变化。结论注射用奥美拉唑钠与木糖醇注射液配伍后4 h内稳定。     

3种无氟儿童牙膏对乳牙早期釉质龋再矿化作用的体外研究

目的 探究3种市售无氟儿童牙膏即生物活性玻璃儿童牙膏、双黄连儿童牙膏、木糖醇儿童牙膏对乳牙早期釉质龋的再矿化作用。方法 应用离体乳牙制备人工龋模型50例,随机分为5组：活性玻璃组、双黄连组、木糖醇组、NaF组、去离子水组。在体外进行pH循环后,测量各组乳牙的表面显微硬度,并结合偏光显微镜对乳牙的釉质龋损进行形态学观察。结果 活性玻璃组能显著提高乳牙早期釉质龋再矿化后的表面显微硬度（P<0.05）,但其提高的程度不如NaF组（P<0.05）,双黄连组、木糖醇组和去离子水组未能提高再矿化后的显微硬度（P<0.05）。偏光显微镜下,活性玻璃组与NaF组再矿化后乳牙表层釉质的脱矿深度明显变浅。结论 生物活性玻璃儿童牙膏能有效促进乳牙早期釉质龋再矿化,但其再矿化能力小于含氟牙膏,双黄连儿童牙膏和木糖醇儿童牙膏在本次实验中未能体现出再矿化能力。     

木糖醇对变形链球菌生长和产酸影响的体外实验研究

目的研究木糖醇对变形链球菌生长和产酸的影响.方法分别用含有3%蔗糖、2%木糖醇的培养基厌氧条件培养变形链球菌,测量培养基的D(600)值和pH值.结果变形链球菌在木糖醇培养基内生长和产酸均受到明显抑制,在加木糖醇的蔗糖培养基内细菌的生长和产酸也下降.结论木糖醇可以抑制变形链球菌的生长和产酸,可作为一种理想的防龋甜味剂.