Effects of Silymarin on Diabetes Mellitus Complications: A Review

Diabetes mellitus is a common metabolic disorder that is caused by a deficit in the production of (type 1) or response to (type 2) insulin. Diabetes mellitus is characterized by a state of chronic hyperglycemia and such symptoms as weight loss, thirst, polyuria, and blurred vision. These disturbances represent one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality nowadays, despite available treatments, such as insulin, insulin secretagogues, insulin sensitizers, and oral hypoglycemic agents. However, many efforts have been made to discover new drugs for diabetes treatment, including medicinal plant extracts. Silymarin is a powder extract of the seeds from Silybum marianum, a plant from the Asteraceae family. The major active ingredients include four isomers: silybin, isosilybin, silychristin, and silydianin. Silymarin is indicated for the treatment of hepatic disorders, such as cirrhosis, chronic hepatitis, and gallstones. Moreover, several studies of other pathologies, including diabetes, sepsis, osteoporosis, arthritis, hypercholesterolemia, cancer, viral infections, and Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, have tested the effects of silymarin and reported promising results. This article reviews data from clinical, in vivo, and in vitro studies on the use of silymarin, with a focus on the complications of diabetes, including nephropathy, neuropathy, healing delays, oxidative stress, hepatotoxicity, and cardiomyopathy. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

TLC-UV测定水飞蓟宾单磷酸酯钠的含量

目的 :为了准确测定水飞蓟宾单磷酸酯钠的含量。方法 :采用薄层层析对水飞蓟宾和水飞蓟宾单磷酸酯钠进行分离 ,用紫外分光光度法测定水飞蓟宾单磷酸酯钠的含量 ,测定波长 2 88nm。结果 :线性范围 5～30 μg/mL ,相关系数为 0 .9996 ,平均回收率为 98.93% ,RSD为 1.12 %。 结论 :本法能有效消除水飞蓟宾对测定的干扰 ,准确测定水飞蓟宾单磷酸酯钠的真实含量     

口服并灌肠泛影葡胺用于全腹CT扫描的护理体会

目的探讨口服并灌肠泛影葡胺用于全腹CT扫描检查的护理效果。方法将93例全腹CT扫描检查患者随机分为对照组46例和观察组47例。观察组采用检查前1h口服1%-1.5%泛影葡胺1000-1200ml,CT扫描检查时再行1%-1.5%泛影葡胺400-500ml保留灌肠,即行扫描检查。对照组采用于检查前3h口服1%~1.5%泛影葡胺2000ml充盈肠道等待检查。结果观察组肠道造影剂充盈时间比对照组提前1.8-2.04h,两组比较有显著性差异（P〈0.05）。结论口服并灌肠泛影葡胺用于全腹CT扫描检查,减轻了患者的痛苦,提高了影像检查质量和正确诊断率。     

泛影葡胺—云南白药胶浆选择性支气管灌注对支气管扩张症咯血的治疗及造影作用初探

目的　探讨泛影葡胺－云南白药胶浆选择性支气管灌注对支气管扩张症咯血的治疗作用及其造影效果。方法　将３０例经临床、胸片和纤维支气管镜诊断为支气管扩张症的慢性反复咯血患者,随机分为实验组和对照组各１５例,分别作泛影葡胺一云南白药胶浆选择性支气管灌注治疗和造影,或仅作内科保守治疗,分别随访５年。结果　实验组１５例造影全部成功;其止血效果及５年内复发情况均好于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０５）。结论　泛影葡胺－云南白药胶浆对支气管扩张症咯血有明显的止血作用和缓解复发作用,同时也是一种较理想的支气管造影剂,具有进一步研究发展的可行性。     

Effect of Nitric Oxide on the Oxygen Metabolism and Growth of E. faecalis

Gastro-intestinal mucosal cells have a potent mechanism to eliminate a variety of pathogens using enzymes that generate reactive oxygen species and/or nitric oxide (NO). However, a large number of bacteria survive in the intestine of human subjects. Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) is a Gram-positive bacterium that survives not only in the intestinal lumen but also within macrophages generating NO. It has been reported that E. faecalis generated the superoxide radical (O₂⁻). To elucidate the role of O₂⁻ and NO in the mechanism for the pathogen surviving in the intestine and macrophages, we studied the role and metabolism of O₂⁻ and NO in and around E. faecalis. Kinetic analysis revealed that E. faecalis generated 0.5 µmol O₂⁻/min/10⁸ cells in a glucose-dependent manner as determined using the cytochrome c reduction method. The presence of NOC12, an NO donor, strongly inhibited the growth of E. faecalis without affecting in the oxygen consumption. However, the growth rate of NOC12-pretreated E. faecalis in NO-free medium was similar to that of untreated cells. Western blotting analysis revealed that the NOC12-treated E. faecalis revealed a large amount of nitrotyrosine-posititive proteins; the amounts of the modified proteins were higher in cytosol than in membranes. These observations suggested that O₂⁻ generated by E. faecalis reacted with NO to form peroxinitrite (ONOO⁻) that preferentially nitrated tyrosyl residues in cytosolic proteins, thereby reversibly inhibited cellular growth. Since E. faecalis survives even within macrophages expressing NO synthase, similar metabolism of O₂⁻ and NO may occur in and around phagocytized macrophages.     

Diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis in an HIV-positive patient in western Africa

A 36-year-old HIV1-positive woman presented with a 6-month history of a progressive papular and nodular eruption of the face and subsequent extensive spread to the rest of the skin. The diagnosis of diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis was established by direct examination and skin biopsy. This atypical form had a dramatic improvement after a 21-day treatment with meglumine antimoniate. This clinical form may be confused with other endemic diseases in western Africa, especially leprosy.     

参附注射液合用心先安治疗难治性心力衰竭疗效观察

目的探讨参附注射液合用心先安治疗难治性心力衰竭的临床疗效。方法82例难治性心力衰竭患者随机分为对照组和治疗组。对照组常规治疗（吸氧、利尿剂、洋地黄、血管扩张剂、血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂、控制感染和对症支持疗法）。治疗组在常规治疗基础上，参附注射液40ml加入5％的葡萄糖250ml，心先安120mg加入5％葡萄糖250ml静脉点滴，2周为1个疗程，比较两组心功能的改善情况。结果治疗组心功能有显著改善（P均〈0．05），治疗组与对照组比较有明显差异（P〈0．05）。结论参附注射液合用心先安治疗难治性心力衰竭疗效明显，安全可靠。     

泛影葡胺胶浆支气管造影500例临床应用

目的：评价泛影葡胺胶浆造影剂对气管造影的显影效果。方法：500例支气管造影中，男346例，女154例，年龄5－71岁，平均42岁，单侧85例，造影剂用量为10－15ml，双侧415例，用量为20－30ml。结果：肺叶、肺段、亚段支气管及分支显影良好487例，占97.4％，无咳嗽反应456例，占91.2%。结论：泛影葡胺胶浆是一种较为理想的支气管造影剂，可取代碘化油和丙碘酮等。