Effects of "Below-Zero" Habituation on the Electrodermal Orienting Response to a Test Stimulus

Two experiments were designed to investigate the effect of below-zero habituation training on skin conductance response (SCR) amplitude to a change in auditory stimulus frequency. In both experiments, subjects were trained with a 1000 Hz tone until zero responding and then received 5, 10, or IS further training trials. In Experiment 1 (N=45), subjects then received 1 presentation of a test stimulus of 1400 Hz, while in Experiment 2 (N=45), the test stimulus was a tone of 670 Hz. On the basis of dual-process theory, it was hypothesized that response amplitude to the test stimulus would be inversely related to amount of below-zero training. However, the results of both experiments indicate that SCR amplitude was positively related to amount of below-zero training. These results suggest that in situations of extended habituation training, an expectancy or subjective probability of stimulus occurrence gradient is important in determining response amplitude to a test stimulus.     

Atrial automaticity and atrioventricular conduction in athletes: contribution of autonomic regulation

Little is known about the sinoatrial automatism and atrioventricular conduction of trained individuals who present a normal resting electrocardiogram. We used transesophageal atrial stimulation, a minimally invasive technique, to evaluate aerobically trained athletes (n=10) and sedentary individuals (n=10) with normal resting electrocardiograms, to test the hypothesis that parasympathetic tone, as detected by heart rate variability, could be associated with changes in sinoatrial automatism and atrioventricular conduction. Corrected sinus node recovery time tended to be longer in athletes than in sedentary individuals, but this difference did not reach statistical significance. The Wenckebach point occurred at a lower rate in athletes than in the controls. Over a 24-h period of measurement, the mean RR interval was longer in the athletes than in the sedentary individuals. The mean square root of successive differences (rMSSD) tended to be higher in athletes than in controls, but this difference did not reach statistical significance. There was a moderate correlation (r=0.48, P < 0.05) between the index of atrioventricular conduction, the rate at the Wenckebach point, and the logarithmically transformed rMSSD. Thus, as a corollary to its effects on the sinus node, where increased parasympathetic tone, decreased sympathetic tone, and non-autonomic components may contribute to sinus bradycardia, it is possible that athletic training may also induce intrinsic adaptations in the conduction system, which could contribute to the higher prevalence of atrioventricular conduction abnormalities observed in athletes. Accepted: 2 January 2000     

Repeated Habituation and Overhabituation of the Orienting Response

This investigation was designed to test (a) whether stimuli presented in the form of repeated blocks of habituation trials, as opposed to.1 single continuous series of stimuli, would produce a progressive decline. in amount of spontaneous recovery and trials to rehabituation of the skin conductance component of the orienting response; and (b) whether 30 or 50 post-habituation trials would produce a return of the orienting response which could be related In sensitization effects. Results showed that repeated habituations strengthened habituation as reflected in progressively decreasing spontaneous recovery across blocks, but not in speed of habituations. Further, neither 30 nor 50 post-habituation trials produced a return of the orienting response, although 30 such trials did result in increased skin conductance level. Discussion centers on whether habituation beyond asymptotic levels (‘below-zero’) within sessions was unambiguously obtained; relationships among stimulus intensity, frequency, and the return of the orienting response; and factors affecting measures of retention of habituation within sessions.     

The recovery of α-adrenoceptor function and binding sites after phenoxybenzamine

Summary The recovery of peripheral -adrenoceptor function and binding sites was studied in male New Zealand white rabbits after treatment with the irreversible adrenoceptor antagonist phenoxybenzamine. Phenoxybenzamine (5 mg/kg) was administered intravenously and the animals studied 30 min to 12 days later. Pressor dose response curves to intravenous phenylephrine, noradrenaline and guanabenz were constructed in vivo in conscious animals. The contractile response of abdominal aorta and renal artery to phenylephrine and noradrenaline was examined in vitro and the recovery of specific prazosin and clonidine binding to spleen membranes investigated in radioligand binding studies.The half life (t _1/2) for recovery of maximum pressor response in vivo ranged from 0.9±0.2 days for phenylephrine to 1.4±0.1 days for guanabenz. The t _1/2 for recovery of ED₅₀ was not significantly different to t _1/2 for recovery of maximum pressor response and ranged from 0.8±0.2 days for noradrenaline to 1.3±0.3 days for phenylephrine.Half life for recovery of maximum response and EC₅₀ in the isolated tissues was similar to that obtained in vivo for recovery of pressor responses and ranged from 0.4±0.1 days for the EC₅₀ of noradrenaline in the renal artery to 1.2±0.6 days for maximum response to phenylephrine in the abdominal aorta.The rate of recovery of specific clonidine binding did not differ significantly from the rate of recovery of pressor responses to the ₂-selective agonist guanabenz. t _1/2 for maximum number of specific clonidine binding sites, B _max was 1.6±0.9 days. However t _1/2 for recovery of specific prazosin binding was significantly longer than recovery of responses to phenylephrine and noradrenaline, t _1/2 for B _max was 3.6 ±0.1 day.     

经治艾滋病患者免疫恢复 和免疫无应答相关研究进展

[摘要]　有效的抗反转录病毒治疗（antiretroviral therapy, ART）可以持续抑制HIV-1复制,同时促进HIV-1感染者的免疫恢复。然而不同疾病阶段的艾滋病患者经ART后的预后不同,大部分HIV-1感染者免疫恢复较好,但仍有15%～30%左右的HIV-1感染者无法实现有效的免疫重建,即免疫无应答者（immunological non-responders, INRs）。本文重点介绍了免疫恢复的分类及定义,导致INRs的可能原因以及针对INRs治疗的临床试验进展,以期为INRs的诊断和治疗寻找潜在的方向     

不同浓度地佐辛联合丙泊酚麻醉对无痛肠镜患者的临床研究

目的研究分析不同浓度地佐辛加丙泊酚麻醉对行无痛肠镜治疗患者苏醒质量的影响。方法选择2019年1月—2020年1月于我院行无痛肠镜治疗的80例患者为本次研究对象,将其按照随机分组的方式分为甲组和乙组,各40例,甲组予以0.05 mg/kg地佐辛+丙泊酚麻醉,乙组予以0.1 mg/kg地佐辛+丙泊酚麻醉,观察两组丙泊酚用量、苏醒时间和术中不良反应发生情况,并对数据进行分析统计。结果乙组丙泊酚用量低于甲组,且乙组苏醒时间短于甲组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05),乙组术中不良反应发生率为7.50%低于甲组25.00%,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论地佐辛联合丙泊酚在无痛肠镜治疗患者的麻醉中效果显著,但0.1 mg/kg地佐辛+丙泊酚安全性更高,可有效降低丙泊酚用量,缩短苏醒时间,并降低不良反应发生率,可满足临床麻醉需求,有较高的临床应用价值。     

小儿手足口病行综合护理的效果

目的分析综合护理对促进小儿手足口病病情恢复的效果观察。方法手足口病患儿作为本次研究的主要对象,总例数(选取人数)200例,患者收取时间在2018年10月-2019年10月,研究对象200例使用电脑随机分配方式分为两组,其中100例作为观察组(实施综合护理)、100例作为对照组(实施常规护理),将两组的口腔糜烂愈合时间、住院时间、皮疹消退时间、家属焦虑评分和抑郁评分进行比较。结果观察组手足口病患儿护理后口腔糜烂愈合时间、住院时间、皮疹消退时间显著优于对照组(P<0.05)。观察组患儿家属护理后焦虑(46.25±1.64)分、抑郁(52.03±1.21)分均低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论综合护理在小儿手足口病病情恢复中具有良好的护理效果。     

The Application of Creatine Supplementation in Medical Rehabilitation

Numerous health conditions affecting the musculoskeletal, cardiopulmonary, and nervous systems can result in physical dysfunction, impaired performance, muscle weakness, and disuse-induced atrophy. Due to its well-documented anabolic potential, creatine monohydrate has been investigated as a supplemental agent to mitigate the loss of muscle mass and function in a variety of acute and chronic conditions. A review of the literature was conducted to assess the current state of knowledge regarding the effects of creatine supplementation on rehabilitation from immobilization and injury, neurodegenerative diseases, cardiopulmonary disease, and other muscular disorders. Several of the findings are encouraging, showcasing creatine’s potential efficacy as a supplemental agent via preservation of muscle mass, strength, and physical function; however, the results are not consistent. For multiple diseases, only a few creatine studies with small sample sizes have been published, making it difficult to draw definitive conclusions. Rationale for discordant findings is further complicated by differences in disease pathologies, intervention protocols, creatine dosing and duration, and patient population. While creatine supplementation demonstrates promise as a therapeutic aid, more research is needed to fill gaps in knowledge within medical rehabilitation.     

Applying the Stages of Change Model in a Nutrition Education Programme for the Promotion of Fruit and Vegetable Consumption among People with Severe Mental Disorders (DIETMENT)

Despite growing evidence of the benefits of adequate intake of fruit and vegetables (F&V) and the recommendation to consume five servings daily, the adoption of these habits is poor among people with severe mental disorder (SMD). The main aim of the present study is to determine changes in the intake of F&V and motivation to do so among people with SMDs after participating in a food education programme. A community-based randomized controlled trial was conducted in Spain, with the intervention group (IG) participating in a food education programme based on the stages of change model to promote consumption of F&V and the control group (CG) receiving three informative sessions on basic healthy eating. The main outcomes were related to the intake of F&V and stages of change. Data collection was performed at baseline, post intervention, and 12-month follow-up. Seventy-four participants enrolled in the study and sixty completed the 12-month follow-up. An increase in motivation towards the intake of F&V was observed in the IG but not in the CG (McNemar’s test p = 0.016, p = 0.625). No significant difference was observed for the intake of fruit, vegetables, or F&V. Basing food education strategies on the stages of change model shows positive results, increasing the awareness and disposition of people with SMD towards the intake of F&V. More research is needed to identify the most appropriate eating intervention to increase the intake of F&V.     

Giving a voice to patient experiences through the insights of pragmatism

As a philosophical position, pragmatism can be critiqued to distinguish truth only with methods that bring about desired results, predominantly with scientific enquiry. The article hopes to dismiss this oversimplification and propose that within mental health nursing, enquiry enlightened by pragmatism can be anchored to methods helping to tackle genuine human problems. Whilst pragmatists suggest one reality exists, fluctuating experiences and shifting beliefs about the world can inhabit within; hence, pragmatists propose reality has the potential to change. Moreover, pragmatism includes being cognisant of what works to whom reality concerns, making reality context-driven, with a view to understand how actions shape experiences so what is generated has usefulness. Hence, it somewhat follows pragmatism can inform mental health nursing, after all, nursing is a discipline of action, and awareness is needed in how actions produce experiences that patients find helpful. Given the principles of recovery are preferably adopted in mental health care, the paper will explore how pragmatism can help nurses move towards that goal; specifically, with patients voicing their experiences. This is because like pragmatism, recovery subscribes to hope that reality can progress, and through meaningful experiences and beliefs, patients have expertise about personal difficulties alongside how life may flourish, despite mental illness.