艾司洛尔预注射对预防颈丛阻滞后心血管副反应的观察

颈丛阻滞常可引起心率增快 ,血压增高 ,被认为是颈动脉窦及迷走神经被阻滞 ,交感神经活性增强所致 [1 ]。我们采用艾司洛尔预注射的方法 ,抑制颈丛阻滞后的心血管副反应 ,取得了良好的效果 ,现介绍如下。1　临床资料和方法1.1　一般资料　选择 ASA I～ 级 ,择期行甲状腺瘤或囊     

调整给药时间减轻顺铂肾毒性的研究

目的　观察不同给药时间对顺铂肾毒性的影响。　方法　 1 6例癌症患者分为两组各 8例 ,分别在上午 1 0时或下午 8时静滴 6 0mg m2 顺铂 ,3～ 4周后作第 2周期化疗时交换给药时间 ,以尿 β2 微球蛋白浓度作为肾小管功能改变的指标。　结果　治疗前两组的尿 β2 微球蛋白浓度均在 2 0 0 μg L以下。治疗后 ,上午 1 0时给药组的尿β2 微球蛋白浓度在第 1周期为 4 96± 6 6 μg L ,第 2周期为 5 0 4± 74 μg L ,下午 8时给药组分别为 2 77± 4 3μg L(t=3.6 6 ,P <0 .0 1 )和 2 83± 39μg L(t=3.6 3,P <0 .0 1 )。 　结论　不同时间给药对顺铂的肾毒性有显著影响 ,下午 8时给药可明显减轻顺铂的肾毒性。     

Prophylactic human papillomavirus vaccines: the beginning of the end of cervical cancer

Persistent infection with one of the oncogenic human papillomavirus (HPV) types is a necessity for the development of cervical cancer. By HPV vaccination, cervical cancer could become a very rare disease. Two types of HPV vaccines can be distinguished: (i) therapeutic vaccines which induce cellular immunity targeted against epithelial cells infected with HPV and (ii) prophylactic vaccines inducing virus-neutralizing antibodies protecting against new but not against established infections. At present, several vaccines have been developed and tested in clinical trials. The vaccines are generally well tolerated and highly immunogenic. The current clinical data indicate that prophylactic vaccines are very effective against new persistent infections and the development of cervical intraepithelial lesions. The protection is type specific. However, the follow-up of the vaccination trials is still short. The effect of HPV vaccines on future cancer incidence will only be known after decades of follow-up. This article will address the status of recently terminated phase II and currently running phase III trials with prophylactic HPV vaccines.     

Gated myocardial perfusion single photon emission computed tomography in the clinical outcomes utilizing revascularization and aggressive drug evaluation (COURAGE) trial, Veterans Administration Cooperative study no. 424

Background  Stress gated myocardial perfusion single photon emission computed tomography (gSPECT) is increasingly used before and after intercurrent therapeutic intervention and is the basis for ongoing evaluation in the Department of Veterans Affairs clinical outcomes utilizing revascularization and aggressive drug evaluation (COURAGE) trial. Methods and Results  The COURAGE trial is a North American multicenter randomized clinical trial that enrolled 2287 patients to aggressive medical therapy vs percutaneous coronary intervention plus aggressive medical therapy. Three COURAGE nuclear substudies have been designed. The goals of substudy 0 are to examine the diagnostic accuracy of the extent and severity of inducible ischemia at baseline in COURAGE patients compared with patient symptoms and quantitative coronary angiography and to explore the relationship between inducible ischemia and the benefit from revascularization when added to medical therapy. Substudy 1 will correlate the extent and severity of provocative ischemia with the frequency, quality, and instability of recurrent symptoms in postcatheterization patients. Substudy 2 (n _ 300) will examine the usefulness of sequential gSPECT monitoring 6 to 18 months after therapeutic intervention. Together, these nuclear substudies will evaluate the role of gSPECT to determine the effectiveness of aggressive risk-factor modifications, lifestyle interventions, and anti-ischemic medical therapies with or without revascularization in reducing patients’ ischemic burdens. Conclusions  The unfolding of evidence on the application of gSPECT in trials such as COURAGE defines a new era for nuclear cardiology. We hope the evidence that emerges from the COURAGE trial will further establish the role of nuclear imaging in the evidence-based management of patients with stable coronary disease. The COURAGE trial was supported by the Cooperative Studies Program of the Department of Veterans Affairs Office of Research and Development in collaboration with the Canadian Institutes of Health Research. Unrestricted research grants were obtained from Merck & Co; Pfizer Pharmaceuticals; Bristol-Myers Squibb Medical Imaging; Astellas Pharma; Kos Pharmaceuticals; Data Scope; Astra Zeneca Pharmaceuticals; Astra-Zeneca-Canada; Schering-Plough Coorporation, Ltd; Sanofi-Aventis, Inc; First Horizon; and GE Healthcare. All industrial funding for this trial was directed through the Department of Veterans Affairs. Additional funding for this substudy was provided by grants to the Department of Veterans Affairs and Canadian Institutes of Health Research from Astellas Pharma and Bristol-Myers-Squibb Medical Imaging.     

Design of clinical trials for chronic diseases: implications for periodontal disease

In order to make effective use of the statistical theory of design of clinical trials for chronic diseases such as periodontal disease, certain issues must be considered. Any clinical trial requires that the disease definition be well-specified; that patient eligibility be explicit; that the observation times be explicit; that the duration and endpoint of therapy be specified; that the duration of subsequent followup observation be specified; and that the unit of observation (e.g., tooth, set of teeth, patient) be defined. In a chronic disease, the potential biases that can readily be introduced by self-selection of patients who enter the trial and/or who return for subsequent observation become more important, because subjects are required to remain on treatment and/or observation for prolonged periods. Further, the cyclical nature of some chronic diseases may require special attention to baseline definitions of active disease and disease outcome. These issues are illustrated with examples from clinical trials of hypertension, breast cancer screening, and Polycythemia Vera. Implications for periodontal disease are discussed.     

固定剂量复合剂在省结核病防治规划中应用的研究

目的 研究固定剂量复合剂在省结核病防治规划中应用的可行性.方法 将初治涂阳肺结核病人按登记序号单双分入研究组和对照组.用对照研究方法对两组的完成治疗率、治疗效果、治疗依从性和不良反应等情况进行分析.结果 研究组和对照组在性别、年龄、体重、完成治疗率、督导管理方式和治疗依从性等方面差异无显著性（P值均＞0.05）.研究组的2、3个月未痰菌阴转率和治愈率分别为87.0%、93.5%和93.5%,对照组的2、3个月未痰菌阴转率和治愈率分别为89.4%、93.5%和87.0%,两组间的疗效差异无显著性（P值均＞0.05）.除因链霉素引起的耳鸣（精确概率法P=0.024）外,两组其他不良反应症状出现的比例都无显著性差异（P值均＞0.05）.结论 在结核病防治规划中推广应用固定剂量复合剂是可行的.     

2型糖尿病患者卒中一级预防的现况调查

目的 了解2型糖尿病患者住院前及住院期间卒中各危险因素的干预状况，发现临床实践与证据之间的差距，提高临床医生对卒中一级预防的认识，指导今后的临床治疗。方法 本调查为横断面调查研究，回顾性调查167例2型糖尿病患者住院前及住院期间对卒中主要危险因素的干预情况。结果 被调查的患者中，入院前有46.7%的患者有高血压；36.0％的患者有吸烟史；19.8％的患者存在冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病，0.6％的患者有心房颤动；23.4％的患者有脂代谢异常。出院前有56.9％的患者被诊断高血压；81.4％的患者存在脂代谢异常。入院前与出院前对血压的药物干预率差异无统计学意义（分别为75.6%及80.0%，P >0.05）；入院前后的降脂治疗（分别为25.6%及69.1%，P <0.01）及降糖治疗（分别为82.0%及97.6%，P <0.01）的差异均有统计学意义。结论 2型糖尿病患者院前对危险因素干预的达标率较低，应加强2型糖尿病患者及临床医生对卒中一级预防的认识，提高卒中卒中相关危险因素的干预率。     

Childhood abuse history and risk behaviors among teen parents in a culturally rooted, couple-focused HIV prevention program.

Pregnant and parenting adolescents living in inner cities are at risk for acquiring HIV through unprotected sexual activity. In addition to individual risk behaviors, a lack of socioeconomic and other environmental resources create risk environments that make certain communities vulnerable to both adolescent pregnancy and HIV/AIDS. Research indicates that adolescent parents, many who have histories of childhood trauma, may use their experience of young parenthood and the concomitant feelings of parental protectiveness as a source of renewed hope for their future. The purpose of this report is to explore the relationship between history of childhood abuse and high risk behaviors in adolescent Latino mothers and fathers enrolled in a randomized clinical trial of a culturally rooted, couple-focused HIV prevention program. In addition, this report describes the HIV prevention program that was designed specifically for young Latino parents wherein maternal and paternal protectiveness are viewed as intrinsic and developing critical factors that promote resiliency and motivate behavioral change.