Hepatitis B virus (HBV) continues to be a serious worldwide health problem despite the use of protective HBV vaccines and therapeutic regimens against chronic HBV infection. Chronic HBV patients cannot induce sufficient immune responses against the virus. HBV and its antigens are believed to suppress immune responses during chronic infection. Hence, studying the role of HBV in immune suppression is very important for the development of alternative therapeutic strategies for HBV infections. 相似文献
We investigated the inhibitory effects of the cysteinyl leukotriene (CysLT1) receptor antagonists, pranlukast and zafirlukast, on 35SO4 labelled mucus output, in vitro, in guinea-pig trachea, induced by leukotriene D4 (LTD4) or by antigen challenge of sensitized animals. Agonists and antagonists were administered mucosally, except in selected comparative experiments where drugs were administered both mucosally and serosally to assess the influence of the epithelium on evoked-secretion.
LTD4 increased 35SO4 output in a concentration-related manner with a maximal increase of 23 fold above controls at 100 μM and an approximate EC50 of 2 μM. Combined mucosal and serosal addition of LTD4 did not significantly affect the secretory response compared with mucosal addition alone. Neither LTC4 nor LTE4 (10 μM each) affected 35SO4 output. Pranlukast or zafirlukast significantly inhibited 10 μM LTD4-evoked 35SO4 output in a concentration-dependent fashion, with maximal inhibitions of 83% at 10 μM pranlukast and 78% at 10 μM zafirlukast, and IC50 values of 0.3 μM for pranlukast and 0.6 μM for zafirlukast. Combined mucosal and serosal administration of the antagonists (5 μM each) gave degrees of inhibition of mucosal-serosal 10 μM LTD4-evoked 35SO4 output similar to those of the drugs given mucosally. Pranlukast (0.5 μM) caused a parallel rightward shift of the LTD4 concentration-response curve with a pKB of 7. Pranlukast did not inhibit ATP-induced 35SO4 output.
Ovalbumin (10–500 μg ml−1) challenge of tracheae from guinea-pigs actively sensitized with ovalbumin caused a concentration-related increase in 35SO4 output with a maximal increase of 20 fold above vehicle controls at 200 μg ml−1. The combination of the antihistamines pyrilamine and cimetidine (0.1 mM each) did not inhibit ovalbumin-induced 35SO4 output in sensitized guinea-pigs. Neither mucosal (10 μM or 100 μM) nor mucosal-serosal (100 μM) histamine had any significant effect on 35SO4 output.
Pranlukast or zafirlukast (5 μM each) significantly suppressed ovalbumin-induced secretion in tracheae from sensitized guinea-pigs by 70% and 65%, respectively.
We conclude that LTD4 or ovalbumin challenge of sensitized animals provokes mucus secretion from guinea-pig trachea in vitro and this effect is inhibited by the CysLT1 receptor antagonists pranlukast and zafirlukast. These antagonists may be beneficial in the treatment of allergic airway diseases in which mucus hypersecretion is a clinical symptom, for example asthma and allergic rhinitis.
The infection of rats with Nippostrongylus brasiliensis (Nb) larvae enhanced IgE synthesis prior to the formation of IgE antibody specific for parasite antigens. As early as the eighth to tenth day of infection, IgE-bearing lymphocytes appeared in lymph nodes and spleen. At this time, even bone marrow contained IgE-bearing blast cells. The IgE-forming plasma cells were detected in the lymph nodes and spleen at the tenth day and their number reached maximum at the fourteenth day. The proliferation of IgE-bearing lymphocytes in the lymphoid tissues was observed in neonatally thymectomized animals, indicating that T cells are not essential for the development of IgE-B cells in the infected animals. It appears, however, that T cells are involved in the differentiation of IgE-B cells to IgE-forming plasma cells. Nonspecific proliferation of IgE-B cells and their differentiation to IgE-forming plasma cells may explain potentiation of IgE antibody formation against unrelated antigens after infection with N. brasiliensis (Nb). It was also found that T cells specific for parasite antigens were primed by infection with Nb. Evidence was obtained tht Nb-specific T cells raised by the infection collaborated with hapten-specific IgE-B cells and IgG-B cells for the secondary antihapten antibody responses. By contrast, T cells primed by immunization with parasite antigen included in alum exerted the helper function for IgG antibody response but failed to collaborate with IgE-B cells. Dissociation between the helper function for IgE and IgG antibody response indicated that parasite infection generated a favorable condition for priming T cells for the IgE antibody response. 相似文献
The capacity of normal (unprimed) B cells and keyhole-limpet-hemocyanin(KLH)-primed B cells to present the antigen KLH to KLH-primed T cells in the guinea pig was examined with in vitro assay of lymphocyte proliferative response. Antigen-pulsed B-lymphocyte population, extensively devoid of macrophages (M phi), induced the proliferative response of KLH-primed T lymphocytes, although less effectively than the peritoneal M phi. The antigen presentation was antigen-specific. There was no substantial difference between the magnitude of T-cell response induced by KLH-primed B-cell population and that stimulated by unprimed, normal B-cell population. The antigen-presenting capacity of the B-cell population was abrogated by pretreatment with anti-guinea pig immunoglobulin (Ig) or anti-I-region-associated (Ia) antigen antiserum and complement, whereas it was not affected with anti-guinea pig M phi antiserum and complement. From studies using strain 2 and strain 13 guinea pigs, histocompatibility requirement between antigen-pulsed B cells and antigen-reactive T cells was suggested: B lymphocytes, as well as M phi, did elicit proliferative response to specific antigen, KLH or purified protein derivative of tuberculin (PPD), in syngeneic, but not in allogeneic, T cells. These results suggest that the Ia-positive, surface-Ig-bearing guinea-pig B lymphocytes - not only KLH-primed B cells but also unprimed B cells - are capable of presenting antigen to primed T cells in a major histocompatibility complex(MHC)-restricted fashion. 相似文献
Context: Serum IgA suppresses immune responses when exposed to antigens recognized by the antibody; however, the underlying mechanism remains unclear.
Objective: We herein clarified the relationships between changes in antigen distribution and antigen-dependent B cell activation in the presence or absence of IgA against the antigen in mice.
Materials and methods: DBA/1J and HR-1 mice were intravenously injected with ovalbumin (OVA) and anti-OVA monoclonal IgA OA-4. The distribution of the antigen and B cell responses were measured.
Results: B cell activation by injected OVA, namely, increases in anti-OVA IgG production and the populations of B220+GL7+ and B220+CD69high splenocytes, was diminished by the co-injection of OA-4. Co-injected OA-4 increased OVA in the serum as well as in the bile and gut. This was coincident with its decrease in the urine due to the inhibition of OVA monomer secretion through the formation of immune complexes. The apparent similarities in the association between fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-OVA and splenic B cells in the presence and absence of OA-4 in vivo appeared to be attributed to compensation between the two effects of OA-4; an increase in serum OVA in vivo and inhibition of the association between OVA and B cells, as suggested by in vitro experiments.
Discussion: Based on these results, the stimulation of B cells by OVA may be directly reduced, at least partly, by the neutralization of OVA by OA-4.
Conclusion: IgA may be an effective drug for the treatment of immune disorders due to its ability to blunt antigen-specific B cell activation. 相似文献
Background: The relationship between the development of allergy during infancy and breast-feeding remains controversial. This controversy may be due to individual variations in the composition of human milk. Antibodies to food antigens to which the mother is commonly exposed are present in the milk, but their relationship to allergy is still unknown. IgA antibodies to inhalant allergens have not been previously detected. Objective: Our purpose was to analyze secretory IgA antibody levels to cat, β-lactoglobulin, and ovalbumin allergens in colostrum and mature milk in relation to maternal allergy. Methods: Colostrum and samples of mature milk were obtained after 1 and 3 months of lactation from 53 nursing mothers (17 allergic and 36 nonallergic mothers) and were analyzed for total secretory IgA levels by ELISA and secretory IgA antibodies to cat, β-lactoglobulin, and ovalbumin by an enzyme-amplified ELISA. The specificity of the assays was confirmed by inhibition experiments. Results: Secretory IgA to cat, β-lactoglobulin, and ovalbumin allergens were detected in colostrum as well as mature milk. The levels of secretory IgA to ovalbumin were lower in colostrum from allergic mothers with P = .016, whereas the levels to β-lactoglobulin and cat were similar in the 2 groups. IgA antibodies to ovalbumin were detected in 94% of the colostrum samples from allergic and in all samples from nonallergic mothers, in 82% and 96%, respectively at 1 month, and 53% and 65% at 3 months. Fewer samples had detectable secretory IgA antibodies to β-lactoglobulin than to ovalbumin and cat, and only 33% and 10% of the samples from the allergic and nonallergic mothers, respectively, remained positive at 3 months. All the allergic mothers had detectable IgA to cat in colostrum, whereas 83% and 73% of the samples were positive at 1 and 3 months. The corresponding numbers were 93%, 81%, and 81% in the nonallergic mothers (not significant). Conclusion: Even a low level of exposure of the mucosa (eg, by inhalant allergens) can induce antibody secretion into the milk, both in allergic and nonallergic mothers. (J Allergy Clin Immunol 2000;105:1236-40.) 相似文献