Osteogenesis of Adipose-Derived Stem Cells

Current treatment options for skeletal repair, including immobilization, rigid fixation, alloplastic materials and bone grafts, have significant limitations. Bone tissue engineering offers a promising method for the repair of bone deficieny caused by fractures, bone loss and tumors. The use of adipose derived stem cells (ASCs) has received attention because of the self-renewal ability, high proliferative capacity and potential of osteogenic differentiation in vitro and in vivo studies of bone regeneration. Although cell therapies using ASCs are widely promising in various clinical fields, no large human clinical trials exist for bone tissue engineering. The aim of this review is to introduce how they are harvested, examine the characterization of ASCs, to review the mechanisms of osteogenic differentiation, to analyze the effect of mechanical and chemical stimuli on ASC osteodifferentiation, to summarize the current knowledge about usage of ASC in vivo studies and clinical trials, and finally to conclude with a general summary of the field and comments on its future direction.     

COL1A1/COL1A2基因突变分析与成骨不全的产前基因诊断

目的对有成骨不全(Osteogenesis Imperfecta,OI)孕史的患者,进行系统B超及COL1A1/COL1A2基因检测,希望建立OI患儿产前诊断方案,为OI患儿进行产前诊断提供技术保障。方法对于有OI孕史的孕妇,进行系统B超监测;根据胎儿股骨、长骨的超声影像学表现,初诊为成骨不全。抽取羊水,采用直接测序法对羊水DNA的COL1A1和COL1A2基因全编码外显子及启动子区域进行突变位点检测。检出的新突变,对孕妇夫妇及家系其他成员直接测序证实。产前诊断标本均需做母血污染鉴定。结果胎儿超声影像学表现为股骨短小,胫腓骨弯曲成角,颅骨变薄且发现多处骨折,考虑OI。STR法鉴定,羊水无母血污染。DNA序列分析结果显示COL1A1基因鉴定出19个SNP位点,没有鉴定出突变位点;COL1A2基因鉴定出13个SNP位点及第36外显子的第2180位置碱基发生错义突变位点(c.2180G>A,p.Gly727Asp)。孕妇在COL1A2基因的第36外显子亦存在错义突变位点(c.2180G>A,p.Gly727Asp),但其临床特征不一致。其他成员均未检测到Gly727Asp突变。结论有OI孕史的孕妇,采取B超和COL1A1/COL1A2基因诊断技术,可以快速、有效对高危胎儿做出确诊,为预防患病胎儿出生提供技术保障。     

Antagomir-30d对大鼠骨髓基质干细胞成骨分化的影响

目的：探讨miR-30d拮抗剂（antagomir-30d）正性调控大鼠骨髓基质干细胞（BMSCs）的成骨分化作用并确认转染的最佳浓度。方法：BMSCs培养并分组，分为不同浓度的antagomir-30d（antagomir-30d组）、阴性对照（NC组）和未做转染的BMSCs（空白组）；将不同浓度的antagomir-30d及其NC转染至BMSCs后进行成骨诱导。通过RT-PCR技术进行比较，测定成骨基因碱性磷酸酶（ALP）、骨钙素（OC）、Runt相关转录因子2（RUNX2）的mRNA的表达情况，并确定最佳转染浓度及其转染效率。通过ALP染色验证antagomir-30d对成骨分化的调控作用。结果：RT-PCR结果表明，antagomir-30d体外可以促进BMSCs的成骨分化。不同浓度antagomir-30d组的成骨基因表达量随浓度变化而改变，当antagomir-30d转染浓度为150 nmol/L时，ALP、OC、RUNX2的mRNA水平均显著高于空白组和NC组（P＜0.05）。Antagomir-30d的转染最佳浓度为150 nmol/L，此时ALP染色结果显示其活性最高，成骨分化作用好。结论：Antagomir-30d体外正性调控BMSCs的成骨分化，其转染至BMSCs的最佳浓度为150 nmol/L。     

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??Amelogenesis imperfecta is an isolated inherited disorder that is associated with mutations in more than 10 genes. It has a wide range of clinical presentations and genetic etiology?? affecting the development of enamel?? both in the primary and permanent dentition. Early diagnosis is critical for treatment planning and prognosis evaluation.     

Preparation,characterization and bioactivities of nano anhydrous calcium phosphate added gelatin–chitosan scaffolds for bone tissue engineering

Abstract

Gelatin, chitosan and nano calcium phosphate based composite scaffold with tailored architectures and properties has great potential for bone regeneration. Herein, we aimed to improve the physico chemical, mechanical and osteogenic properties of 3D porous scaffold by incorporation of dihydrogen calcium phosphate anhydrous (DCPA) nanoparticles into biopolymer matrix with variation in composition in the prepared scaffolds. Scaffolds were prepared from the slurry containing gelatin, chitosan and synthesized nano DCPA particle using lyophilization technique. DCPA nano particles were synthesized using calcium carbonate and phosphoric acid in water–ethanol medium. XRD pattern showed phase pure DCPA in synthesized nanopowder. Scaffolds were prepared by addition of DCPA nanoparticles to the extent of 5–10?wt% of total polymer into gelatin–chitosan solution with solid loading varying between 2.5 and 2.75?wt%. The prepared scaffold showed interconnected porosity with pore size varying between 110 and 200 micrometer. With addition of DCPA nanoparticles, average pore size of the prepared scaffolds decreased. With increase in nano ceramic phase content from 5?wt% to 10?wt% of total polymer, the compressive strength of the scaffold increased. Scaffold containing 10?wt% DCPA showed the highest average compressive strength of 2.2?MPa. Higher cellular activities were observed in DCPA containing scaffolds as compared to pure gelatin chitosan scaffold suggesting the fact that nano DCPA addition into the scaffold promoted better osteoblast adhesion and proliferation as evident from MTT assay and scanning electron microscopic (SEM) investigation of osteoblast cultured scaffolds. A higher degree of lamellopodia and filopodia extensions and better spreading behavior of osteoblasts were observed in FESEM micrographs of MG 63 cultured DCPA containing scaffold. The results demonstrated that both mechanical strength and osteogenic properties of gelatin–chitosan scaffold could be improved by addition of anhydrous dihydrogen calcium phosphate nanoparticles into it.     

Identification and In Vivo Functional Characterization of Novel Compound Heterozygous BMP1 Variants in Osteogenesis Imperfecta

Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) comprises a heterogeneous group of disorders that are characterized by susceptibility to bone fractures, and range in severity from a subtle increase in fracture frequency to death in the perinatal period. Most patients have defects in type I collagen biosynthesis with autosomal‐dominant inheritance, but many autosomal‐recessive genes have been reported. We applied whole‐exome sequencing to identify mutations in a Korean OI patient who had an umbilical hernia, frequent fractures, a markedly short stature, delayed motor development, scoliosis, and dislocation of the radial head, with a bowed radius and ulna. We identified two novel variants in the BMP1 gene: c.808A>G and c.1297G>T. The former variant caused a missense change p.(Met270Val) and the latter variant caused the skipping of exon 10. The hypofunctional nature of the two variants was demonstrated in a zebrafish assay.     

Diagnosis,follow-up and management of sleep-disordered breathing in children with osteogenesis imperfecta

Objectives

Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is the most common genetic skeletal disorder. Extraskeletal findings are common but an association with sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) has never been described. The aim of this study was to investigate clinical features of children with OI and suspected SDB.

Hybrid scaffolds of Mg alloy mesh reinforced polymer/extracellular matrix composite for critical‐sized calvarial defect reconstruction

The challenge of developing scaffolds to reconstruct critical‐sized calvarial defects without the addition of high levels of exogenous growth factor remains relevant. Both osteogenic regenerative efficacy and suitable mechanical properties for the temporary scaffold system are of importance. In this study, a Mg alloy mesh reinforced polymer/demineralized bone matrix (DBM) hybrid scaffold was designed where the hybrid scaffold was fabricated by a concurrent electrospinning/electrospraying of poly(lactic‐co‐glycolic acid) (PLGA) polymer and DBM suspended in hyaluronic acid (HA). The Mg alloy mesh significantly increased the flexural strength and modulus of PLGA/DBM hybrid scaffold. In vitro results demonstrated that the Mg alloy mesh reinforced PLGA/DBM hybrid scaffold (Mg‐PLGA@HA&DBM) exhibited a stronger ability to promote the proliferation of bone marrow stem cells (BMSCs) and induce BMSC osteogenic differentiation compared with control scaffolding materials lacking critical components. In vivo osteogenesis studies were performed in a rat critical‐sized calvarial defect model and incorporated a variety of histological stains and immunohistochemical staining of osteocalcin. At 12 weeks, the rat model data showed that the degree of bone repair for the Mg‐PLGA@HA&DBM scaffold was significantly greater than for those scaffolds lacking one or more of the principal components. Although complete defect filling was not achieved, the improved mechanical properties, promotion of BMSC proliferation and induction of BMSC osteogenic differentiation, and improved promotion of bone repair in the rat critical‐sized calvarial defect model make Mg alloy mesh reinforced PLGA/DBM hybrid scaffold an attractive option for the repair of critical‐sized bone defects where the addition of exogenous isolated growth factors is not employed.