Prevalence of heterophoria in a population of school children in central China:the Anyang Childhood Eye Study

AIM:To investigate the prevalence of heterophoria and the relationship between heterophoria and refractive error in a school-based study conducted in central China.METHODS:A total of 23637 th-grade children were recruited into the cross-sectional school-based Anyang Childhood Eye Study(ACES)by cluster sampling method.Heterophoria was examined using alternate cover and cover-uncover testing.The Maddox rod and prism test were conducted at 33 cm and 6 m distance fixation.Uncorrected viual acuity(UCVA)and best-corrected viual acuity(BCVA)were recorded as logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution(logM AR)with cycloplegic autorefraction by administrating of Mydrin-P and 1.0%cyclopentolate.Hyperopia was defined as the spherical equivalent(SE)refraction of+0.50 D or greater,and higher hyperopia was defined as+2.00 D or greater.Emmetropia was defined as the SE refraction in the range of-0.49 to+0.49 D,and myopia was in the SE refraction range from-0.50 D to less.RESULTS:Totally 2260 students in grade 7 were examined.Response rate among eligible children was 95.64%.Totally 486 children,22.66%of the population,were diagnosed with heterophoria in which 479 were diagnosed with exophoria at near distance,and 6 with esophoria.Totally 89(4.15%)children were diagnosed with heterophoria in which 82 had exophoria,and 7 had esophoria at far distance.Exophoria was common at near fixation(22.33%).Myopia was examined to be related to exophoria at near distance(OR 3.03,95%CI 2.33-3.95)and far distance fixation(OR 1.90,95%CI 1.09-3.32).CONCLUSION:Exophoria is a predominant heterophoria for 7 th-grade junior school in central China.Significant associations are discovered between heterophoria and refractive error.Hyperopia is associated with esophoria,and myopia is associated with exophoria.     

吊顶灯辅助下25G微创玻璃体切割手术治疗眼弓蛔虫病的疗效

目的：探讨吊顶灯辅助下25G微创玻璃体切割手术治疗眼弓蛔虫病（OT）的疗效，并分析术后并发 症。方法：回顾性系列病例研究。选择2014年12月至2019年2月在徐州市立医院眼科确诊为OT的 患者27例（27眼）。所有患者经过1～2个月的全身或局部皮质类固醇治疗后接受了25G微创玻璃体 切割手术，避开周边病灶区放置灌注管和吊顶灯，切除玻璃体及牵拉条索，根据术中视网膜情况予 激光光凝、气液交换、玻璃体腔填充空气或C3F8或硅油，部分联合晶状体摘除、环扎术。分析患者 的临床特征、光学相干断层扫描（OCT）、眼底照相检查、治疗情况和术后并发症等，计算术后随访 期内葡萄膜炎复发率和一次性视网膜解剖复位率。对手术前与末次随访最佳矫正视力（BCVA）进行 t检验分析。结果：27例患者中周边部肉芽肿型11眼，后极部肉芽肿型11眼，眼内炎型5眼。伴视网 膜前膜（ERM）23眼；伴牵拉性视网膜脱离（TRD）13眼，其中TRD合并ERM 11眼，单纯TRD 2眼。 术后随访6～44（17.6±11.0）个月。术后早期低眼压4眼（15%），高眼压1眼（4%）。伴TRD的13眼中 11眼经一次手术即实现解剖复位，一次性视网膜复位率为85%；伴ERM的23眼中术后复发2眼（9%）； 术后视网膜脱离2眼（7%），术后并发白内障3眼（11%）。27眼中有4眼（15%）于术后1～5个月炎症复发， 其中1眼经再次手术后炎症消退，另外3眼予全身及局部皮质类固醇治疗2个月内炎症得到控制。术 前及术后末次随访BCVA（logMAR）分别为1.46±0.66、1.13±0.66，术后视力较术前明显提高，差 异有统计学意义（t=4.009，P<0.001）。结论：吊顶灯辅助下25G微创玻璃体切割手术治疗眼弓蛔虫病 可有效控制葡萄膜炎症，获得较满意的疗效。     

[In Press] The impact of combined oral contraceptives on ocular tissues: a review of ocular effects

This paper was aimed to review the action and adverse effects of Combined Oral Contraceptives on ocular tissues. Over 100 million women around the world use common contraceptive methods, including intrauterine devices, combined estrogen and progestin oral contraceptives (COCs), as well as progestin only preparations (oral contraceptives, implants or injections). COCs are widely used for contraception, but they are also indicated in menorrhagia, endometriosis, acne and hirsutism, fibroid uterus and premenstrual syndrome. However, they have been associated with high rates of cardiovascular events, venous thromboembolic disease, ischemic strokes and breast cancer. The incidence of COCs-related ocular complications was estimated to be 1 in 230,000, including dry eye symptoms, corneal edema, lens opacities and retinal neuro-ophthalmologic or vascular complications. We may infer that the serious ocular complications of COCs can be prevented by eliminating the estrogen dosage and choosing third-generation progestins. In any case, doctors should take into consideration the systemic and ocular history of the patients before selecting any method of contraception.     

Ocular Redness Measured with the Keratograph 5M in Patients Using Anti-Glaucoma Eye Drops

Purpose: To examine correlations between ocular redness measured with the new topographer Keratograph 5M and the use of topical anti-glaucoma medication. Methods: A total of 211 eyes of 211 patients with open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension on topical medication and 51 eyes of 51 healthy volunteers were recruited over 10 months. Outcome variables were keratograph redness scores (RS): overall, bulbar temporal (BT), bulbar nasal (BN), limbar temporal (LT), and limbar nasal (LN). In each subject, we also recorded the intraocular pressure-lowering eye drops used, daily doses and daily and cumulative preservative concentrations, fluorescein corneal staining score (OXFORD), lower tear meniscus height (Fourier-domain OCT), non-invasive tear film breakup time (Keratograph 5M), and ocular surface disease questionnaire index (OSDI). Results: Higher RS were recorded in the medication than control group (P < 0.01 all scores). Within the medication group, older patients returned greater RS (P < 0.05 all scores). Prostaglandin was a strong predictor of higher scores, except LN RS. A higher OSDI was associated with a higher LN RS (β = 0.007; P < 0.05), while the use of β-blockers was linked to a lower LN RS (β = ?0.225; P < 0.05). The use of ≥3 daily eye drops with preservative gave rise to a higher BN RS and ≥3 daily eye drops to a higher LN RS (β = 0.366, P < 0.01; β = 0.296, P < 0.05, respectively). Conclusion: Keratograph 5M can objectively detect the hyperaemia induced by glaucoma medication. The factors contributing to ocular redness were advanced age, more daily eye drops (nasal sectors), a higher OSDI, and prostaglandin as the medication used.     

The feasibility of quantitative MRI of extra‐ocular muscles in myasthenia gravis and Graves' orbitopathy

Although quantitative MRI can be instrumental in the diagnosis and assessment of disease progression in orbital diseases involving the extra‐ocular muscles (EOM), acquisition can be challenging as EOM are small and prone to eye‐motion artefacts. We explored the feasibility of assessing fat fractions (FF), muscle volumes and water T2 (T2_water) of EOM in healthy controls (HC), myasthenia gravis (MG) and Graves' orbitopathy (GO) patients. FF, EOM volumes and T2_water values were determined in 12 HC (aged 22‐65 years), 11 MG (aged 28‐71 years) and six GO (aged 28‐64 years) patients at 7 T using Dixon and multi‐echo spin‐echo sequences. The EOM were semi‐automatically 3D‐segmented by two independent observers. MANOVA and t‐tests were used to assess differences in FF, T2_water and volume of EOM between groups (P < .05). Bland–Altman limits of agreement (LoA) were used to assess the reproducibility of segmentations and Dixon scans. The scans were well tolerated by all subjects. The bias in FF between the repeated Dixon scans was ?0.7% (LoA: ±2.1%) for the different observers; the bias in FF was ?0.3% (LoA: ±2.8%) and 0.03 cm³ (LoA: ± 0.36 cm³) for volume. Mean FF of EOM in MG (14.1% ± 1.6%) was higher than in HC (10.4% ± 2.5%). Mean muscle volume was higher in both GO (1.2 ± 0.4 cm³) and MG (0.8 ± 0.2 cm³) compared with HC (0.6 ± 0.2 cm³). The average T2_water for all EOM was 24.6 ± 4.0 ms for HC, 24.0 ± 4.7 ms for MG patients and 27.4 ± 4.2 ms for the GO patient. Quantitative MRI at 7 T is feasible for measuring FF and muscle volumes of EOM in HC, MG and GO patients. The measured T2_water was on average comparable with skeletal muscle, although with higher variation between subjects. The increased FF in the EOM in MG patients suggests that EOM involvement in MG is accompanied by fat replacement. The unexpected EOM volume increase in MG may provide novel insights into underlying pathophysiological processes.     

Review of use of a new rapid real-time PCR,the Cepheid GeneXpert® (Xpert) CT/NG assay,for Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae: results for patients while in a clinical setting

Rapid diagnostics for Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae are desirable so that patients can be treated while they are still in the clinic or doctor’s office. The Cepheid GeneXpert^® (Xpert) CT/NG assay was US FDA-cleared in December 2012. The assay is a rapid real-time PCR nucleic acid amplified test. The cartridge-based assay detects DNA of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. It is FDA-cleared for use in female endocervical swabs, patient-collected vaginal swabs and for female and male urine specimens from symptomatic and asymptomatic patients. It has demonstrated near-perfect sensitivity and specificity in urogenital specimens. The Xpert is a modular platform for testing samples directly from patients, which requires no hands-on manipulation from specimen loading until results are available. Results are provided in approximately 90 minutes. It has been graded by the FDA as moderately complex for Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments. Several publications have reported its promising use in clinical settings.     

Alpha B-crystallin improved survival of retinal ganglion cells in a rat model of acute ocular hypertension

Increased endogenous αB-crystallin protein levels have been shown to reduce cell apoptosis,although the effects of exogenous αB-crystallin protein remain poorly understood.The present study established an acute ocular hypertension model in the right eye of Sprague-Dawley rats.Fluorogold retrograde tracing and immunofluorescence methods showed that the number of retinal ganglion cells decreased in the right eyes and caspase-3 expression increased following acute ocular hypertension.Intravitreal injection of αB-crystallin in the right eye increased the number of retinal ganglion cells and reduced caspase-3 expression.Results demonstrated that exogenous αB-crystallin protein inhibited caspase-3 expression and improved retinal ganglion cell survival following acute ocular hypertension.