苦参素治疗低病毒载量慢性乙型肝炎患者的疗效观察

目的 观察序贯应用苦参素胶囊和苦参素注射液治疗低病毒载量慢性乙型肝炎的疗效.方法 选择60例低病毒载量慢性乙型肝炎患者,随机分为对照组和治疗组各30例,对照组给予常规保肝治疗,治疗组同时序贯应用苦参素胶囊和苦参素注射液治疗,总疗程24周,观察两组治疗4、12、24周时的ALT、HBV DNA转阴率及HBeAg/抗-HBe血清转换率.结果 治疗组在改善肝功能、HBV DNA转阴率及HBeAg/抗-HBe血清转换率方面优于对照组.结论 序贯应用苦参素胶囊和苦参素注射液治疗低病毒载量慢性乙型肝炎患者可以获得较高的应答率.     

深海细菌Psychrobacter submarinus 1A01998的次级代谢产物研究

目的 对来自深海沉积物中的海洋细菌Psychrobacter submarinus1 A01998的次级代谢产物进行研究.方法 采用大孑L吸附树脂、硅胶、ODS和Sephadex LH-20凝胶等柱层析色谱分离方法,对海洋细菌Psychrobacter submarinus1 A01998进行次级代谢产物的分离纯化,根据1H NMR、13C NMR和MS等波谱数据分析并结合相关文献对化学结构进行鉴定.结果 从深海细菌Psychrobacter submarinus 1A01998的发酵粗提物中分离得到4个化合物,分别鉴定为环(L-脯氨酸-L-酪氨酸)(1)、环(D-脯氨酸-L-酪氨酸)(2)、3-吲哚甲醛(3)、2'-O-甲氧基尿嘧啶核苷(4).结论 化合物1～4均为首次从该属中分离得到,其中化合物1、2为环二肽类化合物.     

海绵共附生真菌Penicillium chrysogenum次级代谢产物的化学成分及生物活性研究

目的 对分离自西沙隋氏蒂壳海绵共附生真菌Penicilliumchrysogenum的次级代谢产物进行化学成分及其生物活性研究,以期发现结构特异并且活性良好的次级代谢产物。方法 对隋氏蒂壳海绵共附生真菌Penicilliumchrysogenum用真菌2号培养基发酵,发酵后的菌丝体采用溶剂提取、萃取和现代色谱分离纯化手段,再运用现代核磁波谱技术并结合高分辨质谱鉴定化合物结构。基于微阵列技术的表面等离子体共振成像（SPRi）系统,检测化合物与肿瘤相关蛋白的相互作用,并提供化合物与肿瘤相关蛋白的结合动力学数据。结果 通过分离隋氏蒂壳海绵共附生真Penicilliumchrysogenum的菌丝体提取物,从中分离鉴定了7个单体化合物,鉴定结果为conidiogenone（1）、2-acetylquinazolin-4(3H)-one（2）、15β-hydroxyl-(22E,24R)-ergosta-3,5,8,22-tetraen-on（3）、ergosta-4,6,8(14),22-tetraen-3-one（4）、 2-((2E,4E)-hexa-2,4-dienoyl)-5,6-dihydroxy-4,6-dimethylcyclohex-4-ene-1,3-dione（5）、(22E)-5α,8α-epidioxyergosta-6,22-dien-3β-ol（6）、2-(1-hydroxyethyl)quinazolin-4(3H)-one（7）。结论 化合物3和6是从Penicillium属内第一次分离得到,化合物4是从真菌Penicilliumchrysogenum中第一次分离得到,化合物5与肿瘤蛋白VEGFR-1、FGFR有亲和作用,KD的数值分别为7.78×10-3和1.44×10-1 μmol/L。     

Mapping the diatom redox-sensitive proteome provides insight into response to nitrogen stress in the marine environment

Diatoms are ubiquitous marine photosynthetic eukaryotes responsible for approximately 20% of global photosynthesis. Little is known about the redox-based mechanisms that mediate diatom sensing and acclimation to environmental stress. Here we used a quantitative mass spectrometry-based approach to elucidate the redox-sensitive signaling network (redoxome) mediating the response of diatoms to oxidative stress. We quantified the degree of oxidation of 3,845 cysteines in the Phaeodactylum tricornutum proteome and identified approximately 300 redox-sensitive proteins. Intriguingly, we found redox-sensitive thiols in numerous enzymes composing the nitrogen assimilation pathway and the recently discovered diatom urea cycle. In agreement with this finding, the flux from nitrate into glutamine and glutamate, measured by the incorporation of ¹⁵N, was strongly inhibited under oxidative stress conditions. Furthermore, by targeting the redox-sensitive GFP sensor to various subcellular localizations, we mapped organelle-specific oxidation patterns in response to variations in nitrogen quota and quality. We propose that redox regulation of nitrogen metabolism allows rapid metabolic plasticity to ensure cellular homeostasis, and thus is essential for the ecological success of diatoms in the marine ecosystem.Aerobic organisms produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) as a byproduct of oxygen-based metabolic pathways, such as photosynthesis, photorespiration, and oxidative phosphorylation (1). Perturbations in oxygenic metabolism under various stress conditions can induce oxidative stress from overproduction of ROS (2, 3). Because ROS are highly reactive forms of oxygenic metabolites, critical mechanisms for ROS detoxification have evolved consisting of ROS-scavenging enzymes and small molecules, including glutathione (GSH) (4). As the most abundant low molecular weight thiol antioxidant, GSH has critical roles in maintaining a proper cellular thiol–disulfide balance and in detoxifying H₂O₂ via the ascorbate–GSH cycle (5).Although classically ROS were considered toxic metabolic byproducts that ultimately lead to cell death, it is now recognized that ROS act as central secondary messengers involved in compartmentalized signaling networks (1, 6–8). Modulation of various cell processes by ROS signaling is mediated largely by posttranslational thiol oxidation, whereby their physical structure and biochemical activity are modified upon oxidation (9). Thus, the redox states of these proteins possess crucial information needed for cell acclimation to stress conditions (10, 11). The emergence of advanced redox proteomic approaches, such as the OxICAT method (12), has created new opportunities to identify redox-sensitive proteins (e.g., redoxome) on the system level and to quantify their precise level of oxidation on exposure to environmental stress conditions.Marine photosynthetic microorganisms (phytoplankton) are the basis of marine food webs. Despite the fact that their biomass represents only approximately 0.2% of the photosynthetic biomass on earth, they are responsible for nearly 50% of the annual global carbon-based photosynthesis and greatly influence the global biogeochemical carbon cycle (13). This high ratio of productivity to biomass, reflected in high turnover rates, makes phytoplankton highly responsive to climate change. Phytoplankton can grow rapidly and form massive blooms that stretch over hundreds of kilometers in the oceans and are regulated by such environmental factors as nutrient availability and biotic interactions with grazers and viruses.Diatoms are a highly diverse clade of phytoplankton, responsible for roughly 20% of global primary productivity (14). Consequently, diatoms play a central role in the biogeochemical cycling of important nutrients, including carbon, nitrogen, and silica, which constitute part of their ornate cell wall. As members of the eukaryotic group known as stramenopiles (or heterokonts), diatoms are derived from a secondary endosymbiotic event involving red and green algae engulfed within an ancestral protest (15).The unique multilineage content of diatom genomes reveals a melting pot of biochemical characteristics that resemble bacterial, plant, and animal traits, including the integration of a complete urea cycle, fatty acid oxidation in the mitochondria, and plant C4-like related pathways (16, 17). During bloom succession, phytoplankton cells are subjected to diverse environmental stress conditions that lead to ROS production, such as allelopathic interactions (18), CO₂ availability (19, 20), UV exposure (21), iron limitation (22), and viral infection (23). Recently reported evidence suggests that diatoms possess a surveillance system based on the induction of ROS that have been implicated in response to various environmental stresses (22, 24). Nevertheless, very little is known about cell signaling processes in marine phytoplankton and their potential role in acclimation to rapid fluctuations in the chemophysical gradients in the marine environment (25).Using a mass spectrometry-based approach, we examined the diatom redoxome and quantified its degree of oxidation under oxidative stress conditions. The wealth of recently identified redox-sensitive proteins participating in various cellular functions suggests a fundamental role of redox regulation in diatom biology. We mapped the redox-sensitive enzymes into a metabolic network and evaluated their role in the adjustment of metabolic flux under variable environmental conditions. We further explored the redox sensitivity of the primary nitrogen-assimilating pathway and demonstrated the role of compartmentalized redox regulation in cells under nitrogen stress conditions using a redox-sensitive GFP sensor targeted to specific subcellular localizations.     

Atmospheric deposition of methanol over the Atlantic Ocean

In the troposphere, methanol (CH₃OH) is present ubiquitously and second in abundance among organic gases after methane. In the surface ocean, methanol represents a supply of energy and carbon for marine microbes. Here we report direct measurements of air–sea methanol transfer along a ∼10,000-km north–south transect of the Atlantic. The flux of methanol was consistently from the atmosphere to the ocean. Constrained by the aerodynamic limit and measured rate of air–sea sensible heat exchange, methanol transfer resembles a one-way depositional process, which suggests dissolved methanol concentrations near the water surface that are lower than what were measured at ∼5 m depth, for reasons currently unknown. We estimate the global oceanic uptake of methanol and examine the lifetimes of this compound in the lower atmosphere and upper ocean with respect to gas exchange. We also constrain the molecular diffusional resistance above the ocean surface—an important term for improving air–sea gas exchange models.     

What lies underneath: Conserving the oceans’ genetic resources

The marine realm represents 70% of the surface of the biosphere and contains a rich variety of organisms, including more than 34 of the 36 living phyla, some of which are only found in the oceans. The number of marine species used by humans is growing at unprecedented rates, including the rapid domestication of marine species for aquaculture and the discovery of natural products and genes of medical and biotechnological interest in marine biota. The rapid growth in the human appropriation of marine genetic resources (MGRs), with over 18,000 natural products and 4,900 patents associated with genes of marine organisms, with the latter growing at 12% per year, demonstrates that the use of MGRs is no longer a vision but a growing source of biotechnological and business opportunities. The diversification of the use of marine living resources by humans calls for an urgent revision of the goals and policies of marine protected areas, to include the protection of MGRs and address emerging issues like biopiracy or benefit sharing. Specific challenges are the protection of these valuable resources in international waters, where no universally accepted legal framework exists to protect and regulate the exploitation of MGRs, and the unresolved issues on patenting components of marine life. Implementing steps toward the protection of MGRs is essential to ensure their sustainable use and to support the flow of future findings of medical and biotechnological interest.     

靶向血管生成的抗肿瘤海洋药物的研制策略

实体瘤的生长、发育以及转移都依赖于新生血管生成提供营养,阻断肿瘤的血管生成成为新型抗肿瘤药物研究的重要方向.针对血管生成的不同生物学过程发展新型的血管生成抑制剂为肿瘤的治疗形成了新的研究领域.迄今为止,多种以血管生成为靶点的抗肿瘤药物已经在国内外上市.海洋生物是新型药物的重要分子库,由海洋生物中发现的多种血管生成抑制剂显示了独特的分子结构与作用机制.现对发现的数种海洋来源的血管生成抑制剂的作用机制进行论述,提出了研发新型抗肿瘤药物的发展战略.     

沙蚕消化道D2菌株胞外蛋白酶对EMT6细胞增殖的影响

目的研究沙蚕消化道产蛋白酶菌D2株胞外蛋白酶对鼠乳腺癌细胞EMT6增殖的影响。方法选用鼠乳腺癌细胞EMT6作为靶细胞，用0．0043-43μmol／L浓度的沙蚕消化道产蛋白酶菌D2株胞外蛋白酶（D2蛋白酶），通过体外细胞培养法进行细胞增殖抑制检测，测其吸光度（OD）值，计算细胞增殖抑制率，与阳性对照组（紫杉醇组）比较。结果实验组OD值低于空白对照组，且存在时间和剂量依赖关系。结论沙蚕消化道产蛋白酶菌D2株胞外蛋白酶对鼠乳腺癌细胞EMT6的增殖存在抑制作用，显示出一定的抗肿瘤活性。     

二酮哌嗪类化合物诱导海洋共栖细菌NJ6-3-1产生抗菌活性的研究

目的 选择一株具有抗茵活性的海绵共栖细菌NJ6-3-1为实验茵株,研究其抗茵物质的代谢是否受到群体感应诱导信号分子的调控.方法研究在不同生长条件细菌NJ6-3-1代谢物的抗茵活性与细胞密度的关系,利用细菌NJ6-3-1自身代谢产物的3种二酮哌嗪类化合物(diketopiperazines.DKPs)作为自诱导物质(AI).研究了低密度条件下的细茵NJ6-3-1与3种不同DKPs共培养时的抗菌活性情况.结果实验发现细菌NJ6-3-1代谢抗茵物质的行为与细胞密度密切相关.且发现该茵具有群体感应机制的现象(quorum sens-ing),在高密度条件(OD630>0.4)下细菌才能产生抗菌活性,NJ6-3-1不产生抗菌物质的低密度生长条件:1/5MB培养基、25℃;同时发现cyclo-(L-Phe-L-Val)能诱导NJ6-3-1在不产生抗菌物质的生长条件下代谢抗菌物质.结论以上结果初步说明细茵NJ6-3-1具有种内群体感应系统.其抗茵活性受到自诱导物cyclo-(L-Phe-L-Val)的调控.