Clinical and bacteriological outcomes in hospitalised patients with community-acquired pneumonia treated with azithromycin plus ceftriaxone, or ceftriaxone plus clarithromycin or erythromycin: a prospective, randomised, multicentre study

This study compared patients with moderate-to-severe community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) requiring hospitalisation, who received initial therapy with either intravenous ceftriaxone plus intravenous azithromycin, followed by step-down to oral azithromycin (n = 135), with patients who received intravenous ceftriaxone combined with either intravenous clarithromycin or erythromycin, followed by step-down to either oral clarithromycin or erythromycin (n = 143). Clinical and bacteriological outcomes were evaluated at the end of therapy (EOT; day 12-16) or at the end of study (EOS; day 28-35). At baseline, mean APACHE II scores were 13.3 and 12.6, respectively, with >50% of patients classified as Fine Pneumonia Severity Index (PSI) category IV or V. Clinical success rates (cure or improvement) in the modified intent-to-treat (MITT) population at EOT were 84.3% in the ceftriaxone/azithromycin group and 82.7% in the ceftriaxone/clarithromycin or erythromycin group. At EOS, MITT success rates (cure only) were 81.7% and 75.0%, respectively. Equivalent success rates in the clinically evaluable population were 83% and 87%, respectively, at EOT, and 79% and 78%, respectively, at EOS. MITT bacteriological eradication rates were 73.2% and 67.4%, respectively, at EOT, and 68.3% vs. 60.9%, respectively, at EOS. Mean length of hospital stay (LOS) was 10.7 and 12.6 days, and the mean duration of therapy was 9.5 and 10.5 days, respectively. The incidence of infusion-related adverse events was 16.3% and 25.2% (p 0.04), respectively. An intravenous-to-oral regimen of ceftriaxone/azithromycin was at least equivalent in efficacy and safety to the comparator regimen and appeared to be a suitable treatment option for hospitalised patients with CAP.     

自制中医穴位敷贴治疗儿童百日咳的临床效果评价

目的探讨自制中医穴位敷贴治疗儿童百日咳的临床效果。方法选取2019年1月至2020年6月我院收治的百日咳患儿84例,随机分为两组各42例。对照组给予乳糖红霉素治疗,观察组给予乳糖红霉素+自制中医穴位敷贴治疗。比较两组的临床疗效、血清学指标及不良反应。结果观察组的总有效率高于对照组,治疗后WBC、CRP低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。治疗期间,两组均未出现严重不良反应。结论自制中医穴位敷贴治疗儿童百日咳的临床疗效显著,可减轻炎性反应,且无严重不良反应,是一种较为理想的治疗方案。     

脂多糖对大鼠肺微血管内皮细胞Gsα和Giα蛋白亚型的影响*

目的：观察脂多糖（LPS）对大鼠肺微血管内皮细胞（RPMVECs)G蛋白的影响及甲基强的松龙的干预作用。方法：用流式细胞技术（FCM）检测G蛋白亚型的变化。结果：①10μg/ml LPS作用于RPMVECs30和90min后,Gsα蛋白水平较对照组显著下降。甲基强的松龙干预30和90min后,对LPS致RPMVECs膜Gsα蛋白水平的变化有显著抑制作用。②10μg/ml LPS作用于RPMVECs30和90min后,Giα蛋白水平较对照组显著下降。甲基强的松龙干预30和90min后,对LPS致RPMVECs膜Giα蛋白水平的变化有显著抑制作用。结论：①LPS诱导RPMVECS Gsα和Giα蛋白水平的变化可能是LPS诱导RPMVECs单层通透性增加的机制之一。②甲基强的松龙参与抑制LPS诱导RPMVECs单层通透性增加的作用。     

Significance and clinical impact of routinely tested urinary ethyl glucuronide after liver transplantation – development of a risk score

Alcohol abuse after liver transplantation can seriously impact graft and patient survival. However, to date, there is no defined standard procedure to identify patients consuming alcohol after liver transplantation. The aim of this study was to analyze the diagnostic value and clinical impact of routinely measured urinary ethyl glucuronide (uEtG) – a metabolite of ethanol – in patients after liver transplantation. Data of 362 consecutive patients after liver transplantation who visited the University Hospital of Tuebingen for outpatient follow-up were analyzed. Forty-eight patients (13%) displayed positive uEtG results. The uEtG positive group contained significantly more patients with pretransplant alcoholic liver disease. However, two thirds of the uEtG positive patients had no history of pretransplant alcoholic liver disease. Several clinical parameters were significantly associated with positive uEtG. In order to enable a more cost-effective application of uEtG in the future, a clinical risk score was developed (specificity 0.95). In conclusion, routine testing for uEtG reveals a considerable percentage of patients practicing alcohol intake after liver transplantation. Application of our proposed risk score could help focusing uEtG testing on patients at risk.     

Towards a new WHO classification of renal cell tumor: what the clinician needs to know—a narrative review

In 1952, renal cell carcinomas had been divided into 2 categories—clear cell or granular cell—depending upon their cytoplasmic staining characteristics. In the following years, the inventory of renal epithelial tumors has expanded by the addition of tumors named by their architectural pattern (i.e., papillary RCC, tubulocystic RCC), anatomic location (i.e., collecting duct carcinoma, renal medullary carcinoma), associated diseases (i.e., acquired cystic disease-associated RCCs). With the extensive application of molecular diagnostic techniques, it becomes possible to detect genetic distinctions between various types of renal neoplasm and discover new entities, otherwise misdiagnosed or diagnosed as unclassified RCC. Some tumors such as ALK rearrangement-associated RCC, MiT family translocation renal carcinomas, SDH-deficient renal cancer or FH-deficient RCC, are defined by their molecular characteristics. The most recent World Health Organization (WHO) classification of renal neoplasms account for more than 50 entities and provisional entities. New entities might be included in the upcoming WHO classification. The aim of this review is to summarise and discuss the newly acquired data and evidence on the clinical, pathological, molecular features and on the prognosis of new RCC entities, which will hopefully increase the awareness and the acceptance of these entities among clinicians and improve prognostication for individual patients.     

小剂量红霉素治疗小儿毛细支气管炎的效果

目的研究基层医院使用小剂量红霉素治疗小儿毛细支气管炎的可行性和安全性。方法将广东省江门市新会区第二人民医院收治的毛细支气管炎患儿140例,按照治疗方法分为观察组和对照组,每组各70例。两组患儿同时给予雾化吸入、吸氧、平喘、抗病毒、糖皮质激素等常规治疗,疗程10~14 d。观察组患儿入院的第1天给予红霉素,剂量为10 mg/(kg·d),静脉滴注,1次/d,疗程为5 d。对照组患儿给予等剂量的注射用5%葡萄糖液,1次/d,疗程为5 d。比较两组的治疗总有效率、住院总时间、肺部啰音的消失时间及不良反应发生率。结果观察组总有效率为95.71%,明显高于对照组的82.86%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。观察组肺部啰音的消失时间及住院总时间短于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两组患儿在住院期间发生皮疹、呕吐、恶心、腹泻等不良反应发生率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论基层医院小剂量红霉素治疗小儿毛细支气管炎的疗效好,安全性高,能促使患儿早日康复。     

Histochemical study of transmyocardial laser channels in dogs

目的　了解激光心肌血运重建术时激光对心肌的损伤。方法　在狗心肌上用CO2 激光打孔。术后即刻、两周时于打孔处取材 ,用硝基蓝四唑法作琥珀酸脱氢酶、乳酸脱氢酶组织化学染色。结果　术后即刻 ,孔道及其周围心肌分为五个区。中央为孔道即组织汽化区 ,向外依次为碳化区、酶消失区、酶减少区、酶浓缩区。两周后孔道区被肉芽组织取代 ,周围心肌细胞酶活性正常。结论　激光心肌血运重建术术后即刻 ,孔道周围心肌细胞酶活性由内向外依次呈消失、减少、浓缩改变。术后两周可逆性损伤的心肌细胞酶活性恢复。     

盐酸替马沙星的新法合成

以２,４－二氯－５－氯苯甲酰乙酸乙酯为原料,经缩合、胺化,环合、螯合,取代,水解及成盐反应合成盐酸替马沙星。经元素分析,红外光谱,质谱和核磁共振谱确证结构,总收率４５％。该工艺路线副反应少,产品纯度高。     

盐酸山莨菪碱对噪声暴露后耳蜗琥珀酸脱氢酶活性的影响

目的：观测豚鼠在噪声暴露后不同时间内盐酸山莨菪碱（６５４－２０防治组和损伤组的耳蜗琥珀酸脱氢酶（ＳＤＨ）活性变化,探讨噪声暴露后ＳＤＨ活性的变化趋势以及６５４－２在噪声暴露中对ＳＤＨ活性的影响。方法：把豚鼠分成对照组、损伤组与６５４－２防治组,在噪声暴露后不同时期,用Ｎａｃｈｌａｓ四唑氮盐法及图象分析仪显示并测算ＳＤＨ活性。结果：在噪声暴露后第３天,各组酶活性损伤最重。各组耳蜗ＳＤＨ活性第１、２回