ε-Aminocaproic Acid Esters as Transdermal Penetration Enhancing Agents

The synthesis of -aminocaproic acid esters is described. Two representative members from a group of five of the 1-alkyl homologues synthetized as flexible analogues of 1-alkylazacycloheptanone derivatives were evaluated in vitro for their effectiveness on the transport of theophylline through the excised human cadaver skin in comparison with Azone. The 1-octyl- and 1-dodecyl--aminocaproic acid esters (OCEAC and DDEAC) show excellent penetration enhancement. Donor samples contained 2.5% theophylline and 1% enhancers tested in three different vehicles. Fluxes of theophylline were increased with OCEAC about 19 times from olive oil, 45 times from water, and about 38 times from water–propylene glycol (3:2) vehicle toward controls (with DDEAC about 17, 39, and 35 times, respectively) and they were markedly higher than Azone under the given conditions. Acute LD₅₀'s (i.p. in mice) of OCEAC (DDEAC) were 245 mg/kg (352 mg/kg), with a slightly lower toxicity than Azone. OCEAC and DDEAC did not exhibit acute dermal irritation in vivo on rabbits at a 5% concentration in white petrolatum.     

直肠给药吸收促进剂研究概况

本文就直肠给药吸收促进剂研究情况作一概述。简要介绍直肠给药的作用机制、影响直肠给药的因素，详细讨论常用的吸收促进剂性质和应用，比较了不同促进剂的特征和优缺点。     

Cognitive enhancement as a pharmacotherapy target for stimulant addiction

Background   No medications have been proven to be effective for cocaine and methamphetamine addiction. Attenuation of drug reward has been the main strategy for medications development, but this approach has not led to effective treatments. Thus, there is a need to identify novel treatment targets in addition to the brain reward system.
Aim   To propose a novel treatment strategy for stimulant addiction that will focus on medications enhancing cognitive function and attenuating drug reward.
Methods   Pre-clinical and clinical literature on potential use of cognitive enhancers for stimulant addiction pharmacotherapy was reviewed.
Results and conclusions   Cocaine and methamphetamine users show significant cognitive impairments, especially in attention, working memory and response inhibition functions. The cognitive impairments seem to be predictive of poor treatment retention and outcome. Medications targeting acetylcholine and norepinephrine are particularly well suited for enhancing cognitive function in stimulant users. Many cholinergic and noradrenergic medications are on the market and have a good safety profile and low abuse potential. These include galantamine, donepezil and rivastigmine (cholinesterase inhibitors), varenicline (partial nicotine agonist), guanfacine (alpha₂-adrenergic agonist) and atomoxetine (norepinephrine transporter inhibitor). Future clinical studies designed optimally to measure cognitive function as well as drug use behavior would be needed to test the efficacy of these cognitive enhancers for stimulant addiction.     

岩藻黄质水凝胶透皮贴剂体外释放度及透皮率的测定

目的研究不同吸收促进剂对岩藻黄质水凝胶透皮贴剂体外释放度及透皮率的影响。方法采用HPLC法测定岩藻黄,Ultimate色谱柱(250mm×4.6mm,5μm),流动相为乙腈-水(70%~100%、100%~100%、100%~70%),检测波长为449nm,流速为1.0mL/min,进样量20μL。采用Franz透皮扩散池,以离体小鼠腹部皮肤为透皮屏障,3%薄荷醇、3%氮酮、1%,3%,5%油酸为吸收促进剂,测定岩藻黄质透皮贴剂透皮率,考察各类促渗剂对岩藻黄质经皮吸收的影响。采用《中国药典》释放度测定法第三法测定岩藻黄质水凝胶透皮贴剂体外释放度,释放介质为60%乙醇–生理盐水。结果各类吸收促进剂对岩藻黄质水凝胶透皮贴剂的经皮渗透均有一定的促进作用,以5%油酸最为显著。岩藻黄质水凝胶透皮贴剂的体外释放行为比较符合零级方程,J=11.785μg·cm-2·h-1。结论以亲水性高分子材料为基质,5%油酸为吸收促进剂,制成岩藻黄质水凝胶贴剂,为其药代动力学和临床研究研究提供依据。     

透皮促渗剂对黄芩总黄酮凝胶膏剂成分体外经皮渗透的影响

目的研究不同透皮促渗剂对黄芩总黄酮凝胶膏剂中总黄酮及其中6种黄酮类成分(黄芩苷、黄芩素、汉黄芩苷、汉黄芩素、千层纸素A苷及木蝴蝶素)体外经皮渗透的影响,为筛选最佳的促渗剂提供实验依据。方法选择3种常用的透皮促渗剂氮酮(azone,AZ)、薄荷醇(menthol,MT)、丙二醇(propylene glycol,PG),采用体外扩散池法考察单一促渗剂与二元复合促渗剂对体外经皮渗透参数的影响。结果采用单一促渗剂时,AZ对苷类成分的促渗效果较好,MT对苷元类成分的促渗效果较好,而PG的促渗效果相对较差,总体以3%AZ对于总黄酮及其单体的促渗能力最强;采用二元复合促渗剂时,促渗效果整体优于单一促渗剂,总体以3%AZ+5%PG渗透效果最佳。结论促渗剂可以显著影响黄芩总黄酮凝胶膏剂中总黄酮及其中6种活性黄酮类成分的经皮渗透动力学参数,3%AZ+5%PG构成的二元复合促渗剂用于黄芩总黄酮凝胶膏剂促渗效果最佳。     

促渗剂对光甘草定体外经皮渗透效果的影响

目的:考察促渗剂对光甘草定体外经皮渗透性能的影响,为该化合物经皮给药系统的开发提供参考。方法:采用HPLC测定光甘草定含量,流动相乙腈-水-冰乙酸(55∶44∶1),检测波长282nm。选取小鼠背部皮肤,通过Franz垂直扩散池考察光甘草定的透皮性能,考察氮酮、冰片、丙二醇对光甘草定乳剂透皮吸收的影响。结果:光甘草定的透皮吸收率较低,促渗剂能有效使其透过皮肤。不同促渗剂对光甘草定促透作用顺序为5%氮酮组>5%丙二醇组>5%冰片组>单体组,稳态渗透速率分别为4.938,3.041,2.950,2.583μg·cm-2·h-1,滞后时间依次为0.056,0.180,0.059,0.167h。结论:不同促渗剂均能促进光甘草定的经皮渗透效果,以氮酮为最佳。     

Cognitive Enhancement in Canadian Medical Students

Abstract

Background: Cognitive enhancing agents are substances that may augment functions such as memory, attention, concentration, wakefulness, and intelligence. Methods: An anonymous, online survey containing a series of questions on the actual and hypothetical use of cognitive enhancers was sent via email to 647 medical students across all four years in one Canadian MD program. Results: The response rate was 50% (326/647). Overall, 49 (15%, 95% CI: 11% to19%) students admitted to non-medical and/or off-label use of one or more pharmaceutical stimulants, of whom 14 (4%, 95% CI: 2% to 6%) had used stimulants within the last year. Senior medical students reported recent use more often than junior students (8% vs. 2%, P?=?0.04). Class seniority and male gender were both associated with positive attitudes towards use of these agents; favorable attitudes were associated with recent use of pharmaceutical stimulant and high-caffeine products. Conclusion: A substantial proportion of Canadian medical students have engaged at some point in non-medical and/or off-label use of stimulants for purposes of cognitive enhancement. Male students and those in upper years of the MD program were more likely to have used pharmaceutical stimulants in the last year, and have favorable attitudes concerning use of cognitive-enhancing agents.