长三角城市群蜱媒分布及适生区分析

目的　了解目前长三角城市群蜱媒分布,并对2070年该地区蜱媒适生区进行预测,为该地区蜱媒控制和蜱传疾病防治提供科学依据。方法　检索国内外公开发表的有关长三角城市群蜱媒及病原体分布的文献,提取蜱媒分布地理位置信息,采用刀切法分析最湿季平均温度、最冷季降水量、最干季平均温度、最热月最高温度、最干月降水量、最冷月最低温度、年降水量、平均日间温度范围、降水量季节变化、温度年度范围、温度季节性、年均温度、最暖季平均温度、最湿季降水量、等温性、最冷季平均温度、最湿月降水量、最干季降水量和最暖季降水量等19种气候因子对蜱媒分布的影响。采用最大熵模型分析2020年该地区蜱媒分布,并结合气候因子对2070年蜱媒适生区变化进行预测。结果　共检索中英文文献380篇,累计提取蜱媒分布点148个,并筛选出135个分布点进行研究。长三角城市群存在包括血蜱、扇头蜱、硬蜱、革蜱、牛蜱、璃眼蜱、花蜱在内的7属27种蜱。影响长三角城市群蜱媒分布的气候因子主要为最湿季平均温度和最冷季降水量,其贡献率分别为26.1%和23.6%。2020年,长三角城市群蜱媒高、中、低适生区面积分别为20 337.08、40 017.38、74 931.43 km2。受气候变化影响,2070年蜱媒适生区呈向南部扩大趋势,适生区总面积将增加1.81万km2,高、中、低适生区面积分别扩大至24 317.84、45 283.02、83 766.38 km2。结论　长三角城市群蜱媒种类繁多、分布广泛,未来气候变化可能导致该地区蜱媒分布区域扩大。     

福州市内河蚊虫孳生情况的调查

目的了解福州市内河的蚊虫孳生情况,为城市科学灭蚊提供依据。方法采用目测和勺捕相结合的方法,调查福州市城区和城乡接合部内河蚊虫孳生的情况,以500 ml勺捕捞幼虫,计算孳生严重的内河的蚊幼密度(条/勺);选取孳生严重的内河进行蚊虫孳生的季节消长调查。结果调查城区河道300处,孳生2处,孳生频率为0.67%,调查城乡接合部河道200处,孳生24处,孳生率为12.0%。主要孳生蚊种为致倦库蚊,伴有少量褐尾库蚊孳生,幼虫密度最高可达到657条/勺。幼虫主要孳生在内河两岸和水生植物周围。福州市内河蚊虫孳生有比较明显的季节变化,5和11月为密度的2个高峰,2和8月为密度的2个低谷。结论福州城市内河在一定条件下会成为超大型蚊虫孳生地,是城市灭蚊中不可忽视的孳生场所。     

A stochastic model validated with human test data causally associating target vehicle Delta V,occupant cervicocranial biomechanics,and injury during rear-impact crashes

Even at low to moderate-speeds, rear-end motor vehicle crashes have been strongly associated with occupant cervicocranial biomechanics that lead to head and neck injury. In this paper, we present the development of an analytic mechanics model of occupant head and neck motion as associated with modeled target vehicle Delta V during rear-end vehicular crashes. The inclusion of stochastic mechanical input variables further developed the model beyond the deterministic framework by reflecting aspects of the random nature of real-world crashes and the resulting injuries. This approach led to the characterization of 1000 crash simulations, quantifying Delta V and the resulting probabilistic occupant biomechanics. The model was validated through the direct comparison with 86 published human subject crash tests. Overall, the model slightly underestimated by −2.6% the magnitude of peak head accelerations identified in the literature. The utility of the model allows a forensic biomechanical investigator to customize some of the fundamental input crash parameters and appropriately explore the resulting vehicular mechanics and their direct influence on injury biomechanics.     

Optimizing computation of overnight decline in delta power: Evidence for slower rate of decline in delta power in insomnia patients

ObjectiveTo determine the best of commonly used methods for computing the rate of decline in non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep EEG delta power overnight (Delta Decline) in terms of vulnerability to missing data and to evaluate whether this rate is slower in insomnia patients than healthy controls (HC).MethodsFifty-one insomnia patients and 53 HC underwent 6 nights of polysomnography. Four methods for estimating Delta Decline were compared (exponential and linear best-fit functions using NREM (1) episode mean, (2) peak, and (3) total delta power and (4) delta power for all available NREM epochs). The best method was applied to compare groups on linear and exponential rates of Delta Decline.ResultsBest-fit models using all available NREM epochs were significantly less vulnerable to deviation due to missing data than other methods. Insomnia patients displayed significantly slower linear and exponential Delta Decline than HC.ConclusionsComputing Delta Decline using all available NREM epochs was the best of the methods studied for minimizing the effects of missing data. Insomnia patients display slower Delta Decline, which is not explained by differences in total sleep time or wake after sleep onset.SignificanceThis study supports using all available NREM epochs in Delta Decline computation and suggests a slower rate in insomnia.     

Coal fly ash is a major carbon flux in the Chang Jiang (Yangtze River) basin

Fly ash—the residuum of coal burning—contains a considerable amount of fossilized particulate organic carbon (FOC_ash) that remains after high-temperature combustion. Fly ash leaks into natural environments and participates in the contemporary carbon cycle, but its reactivity and flux remained poorly understood. We characterized FOC_ash in the Chang Jiang (Yangtze River) basin, China, and quantified the riverine FOC_ash fluxes. Using Raman spectral analysis, ramped pyrolysis oxidation, and chemical oxidation, we found that FOC_ash is highly recalcitrant and unreactive, whereas shale-derived FOC (FOC_rock) was much more labile and easily oxidized. By combining mass balance calculations and other estimates of fly ash input to rivers, we estimated that the flux of FOC_ash carried by the Chang Jiang was 0.21 to 0.42 Mt C⋅y⁻¹ in 2007 to 2008—an amount equivalent to 37 to 72% of the total riverine FOC export. We attributed such high flux to the combination of increasing coal combustion that enhances FOC_ash production and the massive construction of dams in the basin that reduces the flux of FOC_rock eroded from upstream mountainous areas. Using global ash data, a first-order estimate suggests that FOC_ash makes up to 16% of the present-day global riverine FOC flux to the oceans. This reflects a substantial impact of anthropogenic activities on the fluxes and burial of fossil organic carbon that has been made less reactive than the rocks from which it was derived.

Fossil particulate organic carbon (FOC) is a geologically stable form of carbon that was produced by the ancient biosphere and then buried and stored in the lithosphere; it is a key player in the geological carbon cycle (1–7). Uplift and erosion liberate FOC from bedrock, delivering it to the surficial carbon cycle. Some is oxidized in sediment routing systems, but a portion escapes and can be transported by rivers to the oceans (5, 8–10). Oxidation of FOC represents a long-term atmospheric carbon source and O₂ sink, whereas the reburial of FOC in sedimentary basins has no long-term net effect on atmospheric CO₂ and O₂ (1, 9, 11). Exhumation and erosion of bedrock provide a natural source of FOC (2, 8), which we refer to as FOC_rock. Human activities have introduced another form of FOC from the mining and combustion of coal. Burning coal emits CO₂ to the atmosphere but also leaves behind solid waste that contains substantial amounts of organic carbon (OC) that survives high-temperature combustion (12–14). This fossil-fuel-sourced carbon represents a poorly understood anthropogenic flux in the global carbon cycle; it also provides a major source of black carbon, which is a severe pollutant and climate-forcing agent (12–15).Previous studies sought to quantify black carbon in different terrestrial and marine environments and to distinguish fossil fuel versus forest fire sources (14–18). In this study, we focused on fly ash—the material left from incomplete coal combustion. As a major fossil fuel, coal supplies around 30% of global primary energy consumption (19, 20). Despite efforts to capture and utilize fly ash, a fraction enters soils and rivers; the resulting fossil OC from fly ash (FOC_ash) has become a measurable part of the contemporary carbon cycle (14). FOC_ash is also referred to as “unburned carbon” in fly ash (21–25); it provides a useful measure of combustion efficiency and the quality of fly ash as a building material (e.g., in concrete) (23–26). Industrial standards of FOC_ash content in fly ash have been established for material quality assurance (23, 24, 26, 27). However, the characteristics and fluxes of FOC_ash released to the environment, and how these compare to FOC_rock from bedrock erosion, remain less well understood.To fill this knowledge gap, we examined the Chang Jiang (Yangtze River) basin in China—a system that allowed us to evaluate the influence of FOC_ash on the carbon cycle at continental scales. In the 2000s, China became the largest coal-consuming country in the world, with an annual coal consumption of over 2,500 Mt, equating to ∼50% of worldwide consumption (19, 20, 28). Coal contributed over 60% of China’s national primary energy consumption through the 2000s. A significant portion of this coal (approximately one-third) was consumed in the Chang Jiang (CJ) basin, where China’s most populated and economically developed areas are located (29). Significant amounts of fly ash and FOC_ash continue to be produced and consumed in the CJ basin. To determine the human-induced FOC_ash flux, we investigated the FOC_ash cycle in the CJ basin. We characterized OC in a series of samples including fly ash, bedrock sedimentary shale, and river sediment through multiple geochemical analyses. We then estimated the CJ-exported FOC_ash flux and evaluated how human activities modulated FOC transfer at basin scales. We found that in the CJ basin, coal combustion and dam construction have conspired to boost the FOC_ash flux and reduce the FOC_rock flux carried by the CJ; as a result, these two fluxes converged over an interval of 60 y.     

《黄帝内经》脉时相关理论与应用

[目的]探究《内经》脉时合参思想和经验,以期更全面地学习中医学脉学理论,提高临床疗效。[方法]撷选《内经》相关原文,对脉诊理论中的时间因素做简要分析,探讨昼夜、月相、季节等时间因素对脉象的影响,总结《内经》脉时合参思辨方法。[结果]昼夜、月相、季节等时间因素与脉象关系密切,自然界的阴阳消长等具有明显的时间性,人体脉象与其相适应。脉时合参不仅可以知晓脉象随昼夜、月相、季节等的生理变化,还可根据脉、脏、时的关联准确判定病位,通过脉逆四时与否细测病情轻重,依据脉象随病情发展的阶段性规律预判病势预后,以及因时制宜指导临床治疗。[结论]《内经》脉时合参思想,内容丰富,在临床中运用广泛,蕴涵着天人一体的整体观和中医学哲学思辨方法,值得深入挖掘和学习。     

Locally-Delivered T-Cell-Derived Cellular Vehicles Efficiently Track and Deliver Adenovirus Delta24-RGD to Infiltrating Glioma

Oncolytic adenoviral vectors are a promising alternative for the treatment of glioblastoma. Recent publications have demonstrated the advantages of shielding viral particles within cellular vehicles (CVs), which can be targeted towards the tumor microenvironment. Here, we studied T-cells, often having a natural capacity to target tumors, for their feasibility as a CV to deliver the oncolytic adenovirus, Delta24-RGD, to glioblastoma. The Jurkat T-cell line was assessed in co-culture with the glioblastoma stem cell (GSC) line, MGG8, for the optimal transfer conditions of Delta24-RGD in vitro. The effect of intraparenchymal and tail vein injections on intratumoral virus distribution and overall survival was addressed in an orthotopic glioma stem cell (GSC)-based xenograft model. Jurkat T-cells were demonstrated to facilitate the amplification and transfer of Delta24-RGD onto GSCs. Delta24-RGD dosing and incubation time were found to influence the migratory ability of T-cells towards GSCs. Injection of Delta24-RGD-loaded T-cells into the brains of GSC-bearing mice led to migration towards the tumor and dispersion of the virus within the tumor core and infiltrative zones. This occurred after injection into the ipsilateral hemisphere, as well as into the non-tumor-bearing hemisphere. We found that T-cell-mediated delivery of Delta24-RGD led to the inhibition of tumor growth compared to non-treated controls, resulting in prolonged survival (p = 0.007). Systemic administration of virus-loaded T-cells resulted in intratumoral viral delivery, albeit at low levels. Based on these findings, we conclude that T-cell-based CVs are a feasible approach to local Delta24-RGD delivery in glioblastoma, although efficient systemic targeting requires further improvement.     

基于《内经》遗篇探讨中医对疫病的认识

根据《内经》遗篇《刺法论》《本病论》提出三虚兼“邪鬼”（致病原）致疫说,认为疫疠产生的根本原因是人气不足,天气如虚,人神失守,“邪鬼”（致病原）干人,其对现代疫病防治的意义在于对当地天地之气交特点、个体的体质特点和病情特点的把握。对于突发的新型传染病等流行性疾病,当病因或病原体及其致病特点尚未被现代医学认识清楚之前,以中医学的辨天地之气交、六气六经辨证、温病学疫气理论指导疾病的预防和治疗具有重要的意义,为构建中医药疫病防治体系,重构疫病学科提供借鉴。      

YELLOW FEVER PREVENTION STRATEGIES AWARENESS AMONG HIV-INFECTED PATIENTS IN S?O PAULO,BRAZIL

Introduction: Vaccination is the main preventive strategy against Yellow Fever (YF), which is a public health concern in Brazil. However, HIV-infected patients might have insufficient knowledge regarding YF, YF prevention, and vaccines in general. Methods: In this questionnaire-based study, data from 158 HIV-infected individuals were addressed in three distinct outpatient clinics in São Paulo. Information was collected on demographic and clinical characteristics, as well as patients'' knowledge of vaccines, YF and YF preventive strategies. In addition, individual YF vaccine recommendations and vaccine status were investigated. Results: Although most participants adequately ascertain the vaccine as the main prevention strategy against YF, few participants were aware of the severity and lack of specific treatment for YF. Discrepancy in YF vaccine (patients who should have taken the vaccine, but did not) was observed in 18.8% of participants. Conclusion: YF is an important and preventable public health concern, and these results demonstrate that more information is necessary for the HIV-infected population.