基于健康寿命损失的事故伤残间接损失统计

事故一旦发生,往往造成人员伤亡和财产损失,事故伤亡不仅导致经济损失,而且导致人员健康寿命的损失。该文首次应用DALY(伤残调整寿命年)来计算2005年我国工矿商贸企业伤亡事故导致的伤残寿命损失,基于国家公布的2005年我国工矿商贸企业事故的基础数据,计算2005年因事故伤亡导致的健康寿命损失至少有3651862人年,折合成静态经济损失约878亿元。通过计算健康寿命损失可以从一个全新的角度发现事故所造成人员伤亡引起的间接损失,为全面分析事故损失,进一步完善事故人员赔偿提供了科学依据。     

药学高职教育的价值取向与课程设计

以执业药师岗位群为目标,确立药学高职教育的专业方向并设计相关课程;以高职教育特征和学历层次定位为依据,指导课程大纲的制定;依照现代高职人才的通用价值标准设立技能拓展和素质培养课程。在专业定位、学历层次定位和高职教育通用价值标准的三维坐标中确立药学高职教育的价值取向,并引领教育改革的方向。     

Bioactive nutrients - Time for tolerable upper intake levels to address safety

There is increasing interest by consumers, researchers, and regulators into the roles that certain bioactive compounds, derived from plants and other natural sources, can play in health maintenance and promotion, and even prolonging a productive quality of life. Research has rapidly emerged suggesting that a wide range of compounds and mixtures in and from plants (such as fruits and vegetables, tea and cocoa) and animals (such as fish and probiotics) may exert substantial health benefits. There is interest in exploring the possibility of establishing recommended intakes or dietary guidance for certain bioactive substances to help educate consumers. A key aspect of establishing dietary guidance is the assessment of safety/toxicity of these substances. Toxicologists need to be involved in both the development of the safety framework and in the evaluation of the science to establish maximum intake/upper limits.     

A New Approach to Study the Physical Stability of Monoclonal Antibody Formulations—Dilution From a Denaturant

The early-stage assessment of the physical stability of new monoclonal antibodies in different formulations is often based on high-throughput techniques that suffer from various drawbacks. Accordingly, new approaches that facilitate the protein formulation development can be of high value to the industry. In this study, a dynamic light scattering plate reader is used to measure the aggregation (by means of the increase in the hydrodynamic radius [R_h]) of monoclonal antibody samples that were subject to incubation and subsequent dilution from different concentrations of a denaturing agent, that is, guanidine hydrochloride. The increase in the R_h of the protein samples is dependent not only on the denaturant concentration used but also on the buffer in which the incubation/dilution was performed. We also compare the aggregation after dilution from a denaturant with other high-throughput stability-indicating methods and find good agreement between the techniques. The proposed approach to probe the physical stability of monoclonal antibodies in different formulation conditions offers a unique combination of features—it is isothermal, probes both the resistance to denaturant-induced unfolding and the colloidal protein stability, it is entirely label-free, does not rely on complex data evaluation, and requires very short instrument measurement time on standard equipment.     

From a Social Issue to Policy

Summary

This paper outlines a 22 year campaign to introduce openness into the arena of donor conception in the UK. It identifies key aspects of the development of an advocacy based approach to such work and argues that social work values and principles can prove key to identifying structural inequalities which are not necessarily based in socio-economic disadvantage. Donor conceived people may find themselves in families which enjoy material privilege but whose exposure to a legislative framework and dominant professional cultures within the treatment centres encourages secrecy around genetic origins. Social workers' experience of adoption and family work leads them to recognise the danger of such secrets within families. Turning such social issues into policy changes requires vision, strategic long term advocacy and partnership with those directly affected.     

Systematic Searching and Selection of Health State Utility Values from the Literature

Health state utility values (HSUVs) are important parameters in decision models in health technology assessment submissions. Reimbursement agencies, such as the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence, recognize that such values are obtainable from the published literature. However, to use published values in health technology assessment submissions, it should be demonstrated that HSUVs have been identified and selected systematically to avoid using biased HSUVs resulting in cost-effectiveness analyses. This article presents guidance on how to conduct a systematic literature review to identify and select HSUVs from the published literature based on the authors’ experience. A case study is used to demonstrate some of the features of a systematic HSUV review. Methods are discussed in relation to identifying and selecting the evidence, performing quality and relevance assessment, and undertaking data extraction. It has been developed from a Technical Support Document produced for the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence by the Decision Support Unit at the School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield.     

Threshold and non-threshold chemical carcinogens: A survey of the present regulatory landscape

For the proper regulation of a carcinogenic material it is necessary to fully understand its mode of action, and in particular whether it demonstrates a threshold of effect. This paper explores our present understanding of carcinogenicity and the mechanisms underlying the carcinogenic response. The concepts of genotoxic and non-genotoxic and threshold and non-threshold carcinogens are fully described. We provide summary tables of the types of cancer considered to be associated with exposure to a number of carcinogens and the available evidence relating to whether carcinogenicity occurs through a threshold or non-threshold mechanism. In light of these observations we consider how different regulatory bodies approach the question of chemical carcinogenesis, looking in particular at the definitions and methodologies used to derive Occupational Exposure Levels (OELs) for carcinogens. We conclude that unless proper differentiation is made between threshold and non-threshold carcinogens, inappropriate risk management measures may be put in place - and lead also to difficulties in translating carcinogenicity research findings into appropriate health policies. We recommend that clear differentiation between threshold and non-threshold carcinogens should be made by all expert groups and regulatory bodies dealing with carcinogen classification and risk assessment.     

高校教育管理人员的作满意度调查

目的研究高校教育管理人员工作满意的现状及其影响因素。方法采用自编的教育管理人员工作满意度问卷对310名高校教育管理人员进行问卷调查。结果高校教育管理人员的工作满意度处于中等偏上水平,其中晋升发展的满意度最低(x珋=2.78),同事关系的满意度最高(x珋=3.91)。不同性别、年龄、职务、月收入水平的高校教育管理人员的工作满意度得分差异显著;工作满意度与工作效率具有显著的正相关(r=-0.362,P0.01),回归分析表明,在控制了人口统计变量之后,工作本身的满意度可以显著正向预测工作效率(β=0.353,P0.001)。结论高校教育管理人员对晋升发展的满意度偏低;性别、年龄、职务、月收入等显著影响高校教育管理人员的工作满意度;教育管理人员对教育管理工作本身的满意可以显著正向预测工作效率。