2,3-Butanedione monoxime protects mice against the convulsant effect of picrotoxin by facilitating GABA-activated currents

While adult mice receiving picrotoxin (PTX) alone responded with clonic and tonic-clonic seizures, this response was greatly suppressed for mice simultaneously injected with 2,3-butanedione monoxime (BDM). For example, 60% and 10% of the mice convulsed when injected (i.p.) with 3.0 mg/kg PTX alone or PTX plus 205 mg/kg of BDM, respectively. In contrast, a non-oxime analogue of BDM, 2,3-butanedione (BTD), did not have this anticonvulsant effect. In order to explore the basis for the anticonvulsant effect of BDM, we recorded GABA-activated currents (I_GABA) of frontal cortical as well as ventromedial hypothalamic neurons before, during and after exposure to this oxime. BDM had a biphasic effect on concentrations (100 μM-40 mM) decreased and lower concentrations (0.01 μM–0.001 μM) potentiatedI_GABA; these effects of BDM reversed upon washout of the oxime. In contrast, BTD had no effect onI_GABA. Finally, when 0.001 μM BDM, 10–30 μM PTX and GABA were co-applied the inhibitory effect of the toxin onI_GABA was markedly suppressed. These data suggest that the anticonvulsant effect of oximes involves facilitation of the inhibitory action of GABA.     

鄂托克前旗马场井村改水降氟15年病情防治效果分析

目的：了解改水降氟后地氟病的防治效果。方法：水氟，尿氟测定均为电极法，氟斑牙诊断为Dean‘s法。结果：该村自1985年改饮低氟水，水氟含量由改水前的6.05mg/L降至改水后的0.48mg/L。改水后未出现新的氟骨症患者，8-12岁儿童氟斑牙患病率呈逐年下降趋势，改水后7-15年间氟斑牙病率均已稳定，表明病情得到有效控制，且达到稳定控制状态，结论：坚持长年饮用低氟水，地方性氟中毒就能得到有效控制。     

Prediction of steady-state bioequivalence relationships using single dose data I-linear kinetics

Simulated data using a linear one- and two-compartment body model with different absorption characteristics were used to evaluate the ability of single dose bioavailability data to predict the relationships that exist at steady state. This was done by comparing the confidence intervals obtained from single and multiple dose data sets for the parameters of Tmax, Cmax, and area under the curve from time zero to infinity (AUC0-infinity). As a consequence of Tmax and Cmax decreasing and increasing from single to multiple dosing regimens, the confidence intervals for these parameters reflected these changes. The 90 per cent confidence interval expressed as a percentage of the reference mean increased or decreased for Tmax dependent upon the ratio of Ka test/Ka reference, and decreased for Cmax while the interval for AUC0-infinity exhibited no predictable pattern and appeared to be influenced by the amount of error in the data set. Alteration of either the dosing interval or the fraction absorbed did not affect the pattern of change in the confidence intervals for Tmax and Cmax, but the latter did result in a decrease in the interval for AUC0-infinity. Analysis of the confidence intervals for Tmax, Cmax and AUC0-infinity in bioequivalency studies for quinidine gluconate and procainamide hydrochloride following administration of single and multiple doses to different subjects appeared to be consistent with the patterns observed for the simulated data sets.     

Preparation of leukocyte-poor platelets by filtration

There is evidence that leukocyte contaminating red blood cells and platelet concentrates are responsible for refractoriness to platelet transfusions. The efficacy of a cotton-wool filter to remove leukocytes from red blood cells has been documented previously. The present study was designed to evaluate whether the cotton-wool filters can effectively remove leukocytes from platelet concentrates. Sixty pools of random-donor platelets and single-donor plateletpheresis products were filtered through a cotton-wool filter. The efficacy of filtration was determined by measuring the absolute numbers of leukocytes and platelets and subpopulations of mononuclear cells. The average platelet loss was 8% per pool of random platelets and 10% per plateletpheresis product. The average leukocyte removal was 99% from a pool of random platelets and plateletpheresis concentrates collected by CS-3000 and 90% from plateletpheresis concentrates harvested by single-stage COBE/IBM-2997. The filtration removed 100% of granulocytes, 95% of monocytes, 90% of B-lymphocytes, and 85% of T-lymphocytes. We conclude that filtration through a cotton-wool filter is an efficient and cost-effective method for preparation of leukocyte-poor platelets.     

中医中药不容诋毁——驳《告别中医中药》谓中医"不仁"等谬论

文章根据《告别中医中药》一文中谓中医“不仁”等某些观点,以历史唯物主义和辩证唯物主义的观点,从中医理论的博大精深、中药产业及其现代化研究进展、中医的临床疗效以及中医传承的良好的医德医风诸方面进行了有力的驳斥。     

《素问玄机原病式》学术思想探讨

《素问玄机原病式》一书，发挥《内经》病机学说，弥补了原“病机十九条”过于简略之不足，创造性地继承和发展了《内经》理论，特别是首倡“六气皆从火化”之说；关于“相火”的论述，则为后世相火理论的形成奠定了基础；它还总结了温热病的治疗原则，对后世温病学派的形成产生了重要影响。     

缩泉丸对肾阳虚多尿大鼠内分泌及免疫功能的影响

目的 观察缩泉丸对肾阳虚多尿模型大鼠内分泌及免疫功能的影响.方法 用腺嘌呤250 mg/kg灌服大鼠4周,造成肾阳虚多尿模型,分别给予缩泉丸、肾气丸和去氨加压素(dDAVP)治疗4周,检测缩泉丸对体重、脏器系数、血清中皮质酮浓度和外周血T淋巴细胞亚群水平的影响.结果 模型组大鼠体重比正常对照组大鼠明显降低,dDAVP组、缩泉丸中、高剂量组与模型组大鼠体重相比,具有显著性差异(P<0.05或P<0.01).与正常对照组比较,模型组大鼠胸腺、肾上腺和垂体系数明显降低(P<0.05或P<0.01);与模型组比较,除缩泉丸低剂量组外,其余各治疗组的胸腺系数均明显提高,差异具有显著性(P<0.05);与模型组比较,垂体和肾上腺系数,仅在肾气丸组和缩泉丸高剂量组发现有明显提高,差异具有显著性(P<0.05).模型组具有较低的血清中皮质酮浓度,与正常对照组比较,具有非常显著性差异(P<0.01),肾气丸组和缩泉丸中、高剂量组血清中皮质酮浓度比模型组明显增加,具有显著性差异(P<0.05或P<0.01).与正常对照组比较,肾阳虚多尿模型组大鼠外周血T淋巴细胞CD3+百分比、CD3+/CD4+百分比明显减少,CD3+/CD8+百分比明显增加,差异具有显著性(P<0.05或P<0.01);与模型组比较,肾气丸组和缩泉丸低、中、高剂量组CD3+百分比、CD3+/CD4+百分比明显增加,CD3+/CD8+百分比明显减少,差异具有显著性,与模型组相比dDAVP组CD3+百分比、CD3+/CD4+百分比和CD3+/CD8+百分比均无显著性差异.结论 缩泉丸能够调节肾阳虚多尿大鼠的内分泌及免疫功能.     

肠易激综合征辨证分析

肠易激综合征（IBS）是一组持续存在或反复发作的临床症候群,主要症状有腹痛、腹胀、排便习惯改变和大便性状异常、黏液便等,经检查排除可引起这些症状的器质性疾病。临床分为肝木乘脾型腹泻、脾胃虚弱型腹泻、脾肾阳虚型腹泻、肝郁脾虚型便秘四型,根据临床辨证分别施以不同治法,不同方药治疗,有显著疗效。同时,教育患者平时养成良好的饮食卫生习惯,不饮生水,不食生冷瓜果,忌食辛辣、油腻、肥厚之品,保持心情舒畅,怡情悦志,注意保暖,可加强疗效,防止复发。     

Parental Communication Not to Smoke and Adolescent Cigarette Smokers' Readiness to Quit: Differences by Age

There is limited information on the relationship between parental practices that specifically discourage current cigarette smoking and adolescent cessation, and how this relationship varies by age. Among 1629 adolescent smokers, self-reported receipt of parental communication not to smoke was significantly and positively associated with readiness to quit. The strength and significance of this association decreased from early to middle adolescence and was not significant in late adolescence.     

Measurement in clinical trials: A neglected issue for statisticians?

Biostatisticians have frequently uncritically accepted the measurements provided by their medical colleagues engaged in clinical research. Such measures often involve considerable loss of information. Particularly, unfortunate is the widespread use of the so‐called ‘responder analysis’, which may involve not only a loss of information through dichotomization, but also extravagant and unjustified causal inference regarding individual treatment effects at the patient level, and, increasingly, the use of the so‐called number needed to treat scale of measurement. Other problems involve inefficient use of baseline measurements, the use of covariates measured after the start of treatment, the interpretation of titrations and composite response measures. Many of these bad practices are becoming enshrined in the regulatory guidance to the pharmaceutical industry. We consider the losses involved in inappropriate measures and suggest that statisticians should pay more attention to this aspect of their work. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.