便秘症状与肛门直肠测压和结肠传输试验结果的相关性研究:166例临床分析

背景:便秘是最常见的消化系统问题之一,有观点认为不同便秘症状或症状群对慢性便秘的病理生理机制可能有一定提示作用。肛门直肠测压是研究便秘病理生理机制的重要手段。目的:探讨便秘症状与肛门直肠测压和结肠传输试验结果之间的相关性。方法:连续纳入166例功能性便秘患者,行肛门直肠测压和结肠传输试验,并记录其排便次数减少、粪便干结、排便费力、排便不尽感、肛门梗阻感和腹胀症状发生情况。分析上述症状与两项检测结果的相关性。结果:腹胀组直肠最小感觉阈值降低发生率、排便次数减少组和排便费力组直肠推进力不足发生率均显著高于相应症状阴性组(P0.05),直肠肛门抑制反射不良组排便费力发生率显著低于反射正常组(P0.05);结肠慢传输以及肛门括约肌松弛不良、直肠肛门矛盾运动均与便秘症状无关。结论:排便次数减少和排便费力对直肠推进力不足有提示作用,腹胀则与直肠感觉过敏有关。深入细化便秘症状并综合考虑影响粪便性状的因素可能对慢性便秘的病理生理分型具有更好的提示作用。     

What is the best position for analyzing the lower and middle rectum and sphincter function in a digital rectal examination? A randomized,controlled study in men

BackgroundDigital rectal examination is an essential tool in the evaluation of the rectum. The aim of this trial was to determine the best position for performing a digital rectal examination.MethodsA total of 321 patients were randomized into “dorsal” or “lateral” groups in this multicentre randomized controlled trial performed in an outpatient setting. The primary endpoint was the proportion of patients with a complete digital rectal examination, defined as the examination of the rectum (upper border of the prostate), the entire circumference, and the assessment of the sphincter tone.ResultsThe dorsal group included a total of 161 patients (mean age: 62.3 ± 13.04 years), while the lateral group included 160 patients (mean age: 62.7 ± 14.4 years). The proportion of patients with a complete digital rectal examination was 44% (n = 71) in the dorsal group and 49% (n = 79) in the lateral group (p = 0.3). The entire circumference of the rectum could be examined in 66% of the patients (n = 106) in the dorsal group and in 79.5% of the patients (n = 128) in the lateral group (p = 0.007).ConclusionThe intergroup difference in terms of digital rectal examination completion rate was not significant. In the lateral position, however, the entire circumference of the rectum could be examined more thoroughly.     

晚期妊娠孕妇B群链球菌定植状况及妊娠结局分析

目的探讨妊娠晚期孕妇B群链球菌（GBS）定植情况、抗菌药物敏感性及妊娠结局。方法纳入2016年1月至2018年12月在东部战区总医院和南京医科大学第一附属医院妇产科定期产检的孕妇，于孕35~37周采用标准方法采集阴道及直肠拭子进行GBS培养，并对阳性标本分离的菌株进行药物敏感性试验。按培养结果分为GBS阳性组和GBS阴性组，阳性组按照产程中是否使用了抗菌药物治疗分为用药组与未用药组，比较不同组别妊娠结局的差异。结果共13 000名孕妇入组，GBS总体定植率为3.65%（475/13 000）。GBS在阴道中定植率为2.33%（303/13 000），在直肠中定植率为1.75%（227/13 000）。通过对直肠标本的采集检测，GBS阳性检出率增加了56.77%（172/303）。GBS每月的定植率有明显波动，3月份和10月份最高（均 P < 0.05）。475份GBS阳性标本对头孢曲松、万古霉素和利奈唑胺的敏感率为100%，对氨苄西林和青霉素的敏感率分别为97.26%和93.47%，而对左氧氟沙星、克林霉素、红霉素、四环素的耐药率较高，分别为30.11%、48.00%、52.21%和88.63%。GBS阳性组胎膜早破、产后出血、产褥期感染、新生儿肺炎、败血症发生率较GBS阴性组明显增高（均 P < 0.01）。产程中预防性使用抗菌药物的GBS阳性孕妇产褥期感染、新生儿感染及新生儿重症监护室入住率明显低于未使用抗菌药物的孕妇（ P < 0.05或 P < 0.01）。 结论妊娠晚期孕妇GBS定植率较低，无明显的季节性，通过补充直肠检测能提高GBS检出率。头孢曲松、氨苄西林和青霉素是目前预防和治疗GBS相关疾病的首选药物。GBS感染会明显增加母婴并发症的发生可能，产程中抗菌药物治疗可以改善母婴的结局。     

B1a lymphocytes in the rectal mucosa of ulcerative colitis patients

AIM:To assess B1a cell expression in the rectal mucosa of ulcerative colitis (UC) patients in comparison with healthy controls.METHODS:Rectal mucosa biopsies were collected from 15 UC patients and 17 healthy controls.CD5 + B cells were analysed by three colour flow cytometry from rectal mucosal samples after mechanical disaggregation by Medimachine.Immunohistochemical analysis of B and T lymphocytes was also performed.Correlations between,on the one hand,rectal B1a cell concentrations and,on the other,erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein levels and clinical,endoscopic and histological disease activity indices were evaluated.RESULTS:Rectal B-lymphocyte (CD19 + /CD45 +) rate and concentration were higher in UC patients compared with those in healthy controls (47.85% ± 3.12% vs 26.10% ± 3.40%,P=0.001 and 501 ± 91 cells/mm 2 vs 117 ± 18 cells/mm 2,P 0.001);Rectal B1a cell density (CD5 + CD19 +) was higher in UC patients than in healthy controls (85 ± 15 cells/mm 2 vs 31 ± 6.7 cells/mm 2,P=0.009).Rectal B1a cell (CD5/CD19 +) rate correlated inversely with endoscopic classification (Rs=-0.637,P 0.05).CONCLUSION:B1a lymphocytes seem to be involved in the pathogenesis of UC,however,the role they play in its early phases and in disease activity,have yet to be defined.     

高分辨率MRI显示直肠周围筋膜结构

目的观察直肠周围筋膜高分辨率MRI成像表现。方法对50名正常志愿者行盆腔MRI常规T1WI、T2WI及高分辨率T2WI扫描,观察直肠周围筋膜结构,比较各序列对直肠周围筋膜的显示情况。结果高分辨率T2WI序列对前、后、左、右方直肠系膜筋膜显示率分别98%、100%、94%、90%;对Denonvilliers筋膜、骶前筋膜及腹膜返折显示率分别为58%、54%、70%。高分辨率T2WI对前、左、右方筋膜、Denonvilliers筋膜及腹膜返折的显示率明显高于盆腔常规T1WI、T2WI(P均0.05);对后方直肠系膜筋膜、骶前筋膜显示率略高于常规T1WI、T2WI,但差异无统计学意义(P均0.05)。结论高分辨率T2WI显示直肠周围筋膜结构优于盆腔常规MRI序列。     

高龄患者腹腔游离体一例并文献复习

腹腔游离体又称“腹腔鼠”,临床少见,诊断较为困难,常在术中偶然发现。本文分析北京医院行腹腔镜手术的1例术后诊断为腹腔游离体（PLB）的高龄患者,并结合文献复习加以总结。我们通过PubMed和知网数据库检索到了文献报道的PLB案例（含本例）共86例,案例年龄从16岁到81岁不等,平均年龄为55岁,其中男性66例（76.7%）,女性20例（23.3%）;多数患者是无症状或术中偶然发现的,部分以腹痛或腹部不适为主诉就诊,少数可表现为尿频、尿潴留。PLB大多单发存在,占80例（93%）,仅6例（7.0%）为多发;术前常误诊断为膀胱结石、胆道结石、畸胎瘤、间质瘤等。术中发现PLB可位于盆腹腔的各种位置,盆腔区最常见为52例（60.5%）。发现PLB时最大径可达20 cm,通常长径大小为1 cm~10 cm。腹部外科相关科室（普外科、泌尿外科、妇产科等）应该重视PLB的临床表现、诊断和治疗,减少因误诊给患者带来的损害。     

Long-term Prognosis of Localized Lymphoid Hyperplasia of the Rectum

Background/AimsAlthough localized lymphoid hyperplasia (LLH) of the rectum is occasionally observed, its clinical implications are unclear. This study aimed to investigate the clinical course and significance of LLH of the rectum.MethodsWe identified 65 patients diagnosed with LLH of the rectum using a histopathologic examination and who received follow-up endoscopies between January 2009 and June 2015. Patients with a history of inflammatory bowel disease, lymphoma, familial adenomatous polyposis, or uncontrolled malignancy and patients who underwent scar biopsy after endoscopic resection or surgery were excluded. Endoscopic findings and clinical courses were analyzed.ResultsDuring the median follow-up of 31 months (interquartile range, 19 to 40 months), 81.5% (53/65) of LLHs of the rectum were resolved. Clinically significant diseases, including ulcerative colitis (UC, n=5) and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma (n=1), were diagnosed in 9.2% of patients (6/65). The other six patients showed no significant changes in the lesion (n=3) or a waxing and waning appearance (n=3). According to endoscopic findings, all of the 47 polypoid types showed resolution or waxing and waning patterns. Five of the 11 nodular types (45.5%) developed into UC. One of the seven submucosal tumor (SMT)-like types (14.3%) developed into MALT lymphoma.ConclusionsLLH of the rectum with persistent symptoms or the endoscopic appearance of the nodular or SMT-like type may lead to clinically significant disease. Risk stratification according to endoscopic findings and careful surveillance are required for these lesions.     

Androgen and progesterone receptors in colonic and rectal cancers

Androgen, progesterone and estrogen receptors were analyzed in 12 primary colonic cancers and 16 primary rectal cancers. Androgen and progesterone receptors were positive in some colonic cancers and rectal carcinomas; however, none of the specimens analyzed showed estradiol receptor. This research was performed under CNR Project “Controllo della Crescita Neoplastica”.     

Overt Rectal Prolapse and Fecal Incontinence

PURPOSE  Rectal prolapse is frequently associated with fecal incontinence; however, the relationship is questionable. The study was designed to evaluate fecal incontinence in a large consecutive series of patients who suffered from rectal prolapse, focusing on both past history, anal physiology, and imaging. METHODS  Eighty-eight consecutive patients who suffered from an overt rectal prolapse (72 women, 16 men; mean age, 51.1 ± 19.5 years) as a main symptom were analyzed; 48 patients also experienced fecal incontinence compared with 40 without incontinence. Logistic regression analyses were performed. RESULTS  The two groups of patients did not differ with respect to parity, weekly stool frequency, main duration of symptoms before referral, occurrence of dyschezia, and digital help to defecate. Patients with prolapse who were older than 45 years (odds ratio (OR), 4.51 (1.49–13.62); P = 0.007) and those with a past history of hemorrhoidectomy (OR, 9.05 (1.68–48.8); P = 0.01) were significantly more incontinent. Incontinent group showed frequent internal anal sphincter defect compared with the continent group (60 vs. 6.2 percent; P = 0.0018). CONCLUSIONS  In patients with overt rectal prolapse, the occurrence of fecal incontinence needs special consideration for age and previous hemorrhoid surgery as causative factors. Anal weakness and sphincter defects are frequently observed.     

Neoadjuvant Therapy for Rectal Cancer: Histologic Response of the Primary Tumor Predicts Nodal Status

PURPOSE: This study was designed to compare histologic T and N stages in patients with rectal adenocarcinoma undergoing various neoadjuvant radiotherapy regimens and proctectomy, in an attempt to determine if final histologic stage of the mural tumor predicts nodal status.METHODS: Data were collected from computerized databases at two institutions on 649 consecutive patients who underwent neoadjuvant radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy and proctectomy for primary adenocarcinoma of the rectum from 1990 to 2002.RESULTS: Five patients were excluded because of incomplete pathology data sets, leaving a study population of 644. Patients underwent neoadjuvant radiotherapy alone (2,000 cGy in 5 fractions, n = 191; or 4,500 cGy in 25 fractions, n = 259) or chemoradiation (4,500 cGy in 25 fractions with concurrent 5-fluorouracil, n = 194). Histologic stage of the remaining mural tumor (ypT) correlated with nodal status (ypN). Lymph nodes harboring metastatic tumor were found in 1 of 42 (2 percent) ypT0 patients, 2 of 45 (4 percent) ypT1 patients, 43 of 186 (23 percent) ypT2 patients, 158 of 338 (47 percent) ypT3 patients, and 16 of 33 (48 percent) ypT4 patients (P < 0.001, chi-squared test). The probability of finding ypN+ disease was 3 of 87 (3 percent) in patients with ypT0-1 residual primary tumors vs. 220 of 557 (39 percent) in patients with ypT2-4 residual primary tumors (P < 0.0001; Fishers exact test).CONCLUSIONS: Nodal metastases are rare in patients whose mural tumor burden shrinks to ypT0-1 after neoadjuvant radiotherapy. If transanal excision is offered to select patients with distal rectal cancer, it is reasonable to select those who have an excellent clinical response to neoadjuvant therapy for transanal excision, and then reserve proctectomy for patients proven to have residual ypT2-4 disease.Read at the meeting of The American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons, New Orleans, Louisiana, June 21 to 26, 2003.