Treatment of mice with the anticoccidial drug Toltrazuril does not interfere with the development of a specific cellular intestinal immune response to Eimeria falciformis

Immunity against Eimeria-infections is highly specific and it depends on cell-mediated effector mechanisms. Infections of BALB/c mice with 1000 sporulated oocysts of Eimeria falciformis led to protection against challenge infections. Treatment with the anticoccidium Toltrazuril, during primary infection, terminated the ongoing disease and did not interfere with the establishment of protective immunity against challenge infections. Mesenteric lymph node cells of infected, treated as well as non-treated and challenged BALB/c mice, showed a similar proliferation upon stimulation with parasite antigen. In contrast, neither cells of the Peyers patches, intraepithelial lymphocytes, nor spleen cells responded to stimulation with parasite antigens. Cells from all compartments and of all investigated groups proliferated and released the cytokines IFN- and IL-4 in response to the mitogen Concanavalin A. The number of cells releasing IFN- or IL-4 was not dependent on the status of infection or previous treatment with Toltrazuril. The serum IgG response against total sporozoite antigens of individual mice showed that in addition, a systemic humoral response developed in infected mice, independent of a previous drug treatment, although the specific IgG antibody concentration was higher in non-treated mice. Thus, Toltrazuril does not impair the parasite specific intestinal cellular and systemic antibody response and does not prevent the development of protection against challenge infection.     

Immune aspects of intestinal metaplasia of the stomach: An immunohistochemical study

Summary Immune characteristics of intestinal metaplasia of the stomach were analyzed by the immunoperoxidase technique in frozen and paraffin-embedded specimens. In fetal and minimally inflamed adult gastric mucosa, secretory component (SC) was absent from epithelial cells. Non-intestinalized gastric mucosa with evident inflammatory changes showed weak SC immunoreactivity at the generative cell zone. Enhanced immunoreactivity of SC with evidence of transepithelial transport of IgA and IgM, but not of IgG, was demonstrated in intestinalized glands of either the complete or incomplete type. The number of inflammatory cells and lymphoid follicles was decreased in intestinalized mucosa when compared with that in non-intestinalized gastritic mucosa; J chain-negative IgG plasma cells and T cells, both of which were fairly abundant in the latter mucosa, were remarkably decreased in the former mucosa, whereas the decrease of J chain-positive IgA or IgM plasma cells was slight or equivocal. In either mucosa, IgA was the most popular immunoglobulin class in plasma cells. IgD plasma cells were very rare. In the germinal centers of lymphoid follicles which were preferentially distributed in non-intestinalized gastritic mucosa, IgM or IgG germinocytes predominated over IgA germinocytes, and a few T cells and NK cells also were present. Intraepithelial lymphoid cells with a T-suppressor phenotype were detected in intestinalized glands. The possibility that intestinal metaplasia is an adaptation to long-standing chronic gastritis is discussed.     

gamma-Glutamyl transpeptidase activity in Ascaris suum

Using histochemical techniques γ-glutamyl transpeptidase activity has been localized mainly in the cuticle-hypodermis in Ascaris suum. The specific activity of γ-glutamyl transpeptidase was 3.87 ± 0.49 μmol h⁻¹ (g tissue)⁻¹ in cuticle-hypodermis as compared to gastrointestinal tract, where it was 0.07 ± 0.02 μmol h⁻¹ (g tissue)⁻¹, and muscle and reproductive tract where it was <0.001 μmol h⁻¹ (g tissue)⁻¹. When cuticle sections were incubated with labelled glutamine a large portion of the glutamine nitrogen was recovered as ammonia which indicated glutamine uptake and utilization by the cuticle-hypodermis. Collectively these histochemical and biochemical data support the fact that γ-glutamyl transpeptidase activity is found in the cuticle-hypodermis of A. suum and this may be an indication that amino acid absorption could occur through the cuticle via the γ-glutamyl cycle.     

Apamin distinguishes two types of relaxation mediated by enteric nerves in the guinea-pig gastrointestinal tract

Summary Eight smooth muscle preparations from the stomach, small intestine and large intestine of the guinea-pig were used to compare apamin's actions in reducing the effectiveness of transmission from enteric inhibitory nerves and in reducing responses to inhibitory agonists ,-methylene ATP, VIP and isoprenaline. The effects of apamin on inhibitory reflexes in the ileum and colon were also evaluated. Apamin had little or no effect on responses to VIP and isoprenaline in any region, but consistently and substantially reduced responses to ,-methylene ATP. Responses to stimulation of enteric inhibitory neurons were substantially reduced by apamin in the antrum circular muscle, ileum longitudinal and circular muscle, taenia coli and distal colon longitudinal muscle, but it was ineffective in the fundus circular muscle, proximal colon longitudinal muscle and distal colon circular muscle. It caused a small reduction of the relaxation of the ileal circular muscle caused reflexly by distension, but did not modify the similar descending inhibitory reflex in the circular muscle of the colon. It is concluded that apamin can be used to distinguish two types of non-noradrenergic transmission from enteric inhibitory nerves to gastrointestinal muscle. Furthermore, neither VIP nor ATP can be the sole transmitter chemical released from enteric inhibitory neurons throughout the gastrointestinal tract.     

青海省中小学生肠道寄生虫感染的调查分析

目的 明确我省中小学生肠道寄生虫病的分布流行现状,为制定防治措施提供科学依据。方法 采用卢戈氏碘液片法检查肠道原虫;改良加藤氏厚涂片法检查蠕虫卵;肛周透明胶纸肛拭法检查蛲虫卵（12岁以下儿童）;试管滤纸培养法检查线虫幼虫。结果 调查20个县（市）32个调查点中的3485名中小学生,寄生虫总感染率为58.77%。男、女感染率分别为59.24%,蛲虫25.04%,鞭虫0.92%,结肠内阿米巴7.12%。蓝氏贾第鞭毛虫5.65%,溶组织内阿米巴0.52%,哈氏内阿米巴0.34%,微小内蜒阿米巴3.53%,布氏嗜碘阿米巴0.89%,人芽囊原3.07%。海东农业区学生感染最高（69.53%）,青南牧区最低（37.40%）。感染2种以上寄生虫者占22.95%。     

葛根芩连汤及其合方治疗急性胃肠炎研究进展

急性胃肠炎指胃肠黏膜急性炎症,多表现为腹泻、腹痛、呕吐、发热等,甚者可出现脱水、电解质紊乱、休克等,危及生命。其发病机制尚不完全清楚,认为可能与感染、炎症、肠道菌群、黏膜屏障、免疫功能等有关。现代医学治疗胃肠炎虽能控制病情,但易致胃肠损伤,存在不良反应。中医在提高疗效,降低不良反应方面有着独特的优势。急性胃肠炎属中医“泄泻”“霍乱”范畴,其中湿热内蕴型为其典型病机之一。葛根芩连汤出自《伤寒论》,是张机治疗湿热下利的经典方剂,具有清热化湿、厚肠止利之效。通过文献梳理发现,该方治疗胃肠炎的机制主要与防止病原体侵害、减少炎症反应、调节肠道菌群、改善黏膜屏障、抑制胃肠运动、增强免疫功能等有关。结合胃肠炎的发病机制,对葛根芩连汤的临床应用、作用机制等方面进行综述,以期为其临床治疗胃肠炎提供新依据。     

健脾祛湿方对脾虚湿盛型高脂血症大鼠血脂、胃肠功能、水液代谢的影响及作用机制

目的：观察健脾祛湿方对脾虚湿盛型高脂血症大鼠血脂、胃肠功能、水液代谢的影响及作用机制。方法：将56只SD大鼠随机分为空白组（n=8）和造模组（n=48）,采用“劳倦过度+饮食不节+高脂饲料喂养”复制脾虚湿盛型高脂血症大鼠模型。造模4周后,根据总胆固醇（TC）水平将造模组随机分成6组：即模型组,血脂康组,参苓白术颗粒组,健脾祛湿方低、中、高剂量组,每组8只。分组后开始给药,灌胃剂量为1 mL/100 g,空白组、模型组给予生理盐水,其余组给予相应的受试物,连续给药6周。测定血脂四项TC、三酰甘油（TG）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL-Ch）和高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL-Ch）,胃肠激素,即胃动素（MTL）、促胃液素（GAS）和血管活性肠肽（VIP）,水液调节激素醛固酮（ALD）、抗利尿激素（ADH）和心房利尿钠肽（ANP）,以及白蛋白（ALB）和总蛋白（TP）,采用苏木精-伊红（HE）染色法观察胃、结肠组织形态,免疫荧光法检测结肠水孔蛋白(AQP)3、胃AQP4的表达位置及水平,采用蛋白质印迹法（Western Blotting）检测结肠、胃组织中闭合蛋白（Occludin）的表达量。结果：与正常组比较,模型组大鼠血清TC、TG、LDL-Ch水平升高（P<0.001）,HDL-Ch水平降低（P<0.05）,血清MTL、GAS水平降低（P<0.001,P<0.01）,VIP升高（P<0.001）,ALD、ADH升高（P<0.05,P<0.001）,ANP水平显著降低（P<0.001）,TP、ALB水平降低（P<0.001,P<0.05）。结肠绒毛、胃黏膜出现大量脱落情况,结肠AQP3荧光强度降低,胃AQP4荧光表达增强,结肠、胃组织Occludin表达水平降低。与模型组比较,血脂康组、参苓白术颗粒组、健脾祛湿方低、中、高剂量组大鼠血清TC、TG、LDL-Ch水平呈下降趋势,HDL-C水平升高,MTL、GAS显著升高,VIP水平显著降低,ALD、ADH水平降低,ANP显著升高,结肠、胃组织形态结构有所改善。结肠AQP3荧光表达增强,胃AQP4荧光强度减弱,结肠、胃组织Occludin表达水平增强。结论：健脾祛湿方可降低脾虚湿盛型高脂血症大鼠血脂,有健脾祛湿之功,其作用机制可能是通过调节Occludin、AQP3、AQP4的表达,保护紧密连接结构的完整性达到促进胃肠消化吸收功能,改善水液代谢障碍的作用。     

通腑解毒方联合六合丹辅助西医治疗急性胰腺炎临床研究

目的:观察通腑解毒方联合六合丹辅助西医治疗急性胰腺炎的临床疗效及对患者肠功能屏障、肝功能、炎症反应的影响。方法:将157例急性胰腺炎患者采用简单随机法分为西医组(n=78)和辨证组(n=79)。西医组给予西医治疗,辨证组在西医组治疗基础上给予通腑解毒方灌肠联合六合丹外敷治疗。比较两组临床相关指标、中医症候积分、疗效、28 d病死率、血清学指标。结果:辨证组总有效率高于西医组,腹痛、腹胀缓解时间及首次排便时间、进食时间均短于西医组(均P<0.05)。治疗后,两组各项中医症候积分较治疗前下降,且辨证组低于西医组(均P<0.05)。治疗后,两组血、尿淀粉酶及二胺氧化酶(DAO)、D-乳酸、谷草转氨酶(AST)、C反应蛋白(CRP)、单核细胞趋化因子-1(MCP-1)、谷丙转氨酶(ALT)水平均较治疗前下降,且辨证组低于西医组(均P<0.05)。两组28 d病死率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:通腑解毒方联合六合丹辅助西医治疗急性胰腺炎可促进腹痛、腹胀的缓解,保护肠功能屏障,抑制炎症反应,提高疗效。     

补中益气汤调控JAK2/STAT3信号通路对气虚发热证大鼠肠道菌群、免疫功能及神经功能的影响

目的:分析补中益气汤调控Janus激酶2(JAK2)/信号传导与活化转录因子3(STAT3)/STAT3信号通路对气虚发热证大鼠肠道菌群、免疫功能及神经功能的影响。方法:将30只大鼠随机分为正常组、气虚发热模型组、补中益气汤组,每组10只。气虚发热模型组、补中益气汤组大鼠用于建立气虚发热模型,第18天开始,补中益气汤组给予补中益气汤灌胃治疗5 d,气虚发热模型组给予等体积蒸馏水。16SrRNA基因序列分析技术检测大鼠肠道菌群;ELISA法检测CD4⁺、CD8⁺、补体C3水平、免疫球蛋白G(IgG)、免疫球蛋白M(IgM)水平;放免法测定乙酰胆碱(Ach)、环磷酸腺苷(cAMP)和环磷酸鸟苷(cGMP)水平;蛋白质印迹法(Western blot)检测p-JAK2、p-STAT3蛋白表达水平。结果:补中益气汤可改善气虚发热所致的疣微菌门、互养菌门菌落减少,螺旋体门、埃普西隆杆菌门菌落增多情况(P<0.05)。补中益气汤可改善气虚发热所致的血清CD4⁺、C3、IgM、IgG水平及淋巴细胞转化率降低,血清CD8^...