康艾注射液上市后医院集中监测

摘 要 目的：对康艾注射液上市后临床应用情况进行评价,为规范和指导临床合理用药提供依据。方法：采用医院集中监测的方法,以本院2016年11月～2017年3月入院并使用康艾注射液的住院患者为研究对象,记录患者基本情况、用药情况和药品不良反应发生情况,并评价用药合理性。 结果：共观察病例1 000例,其中超适应证用药占2.5%,用药剂量不足占2.1%,超疗程用药占0.8%,溶媒剂量不足占0.5%。1例患者发生药品不良反应,发生率为0.1%。结论：康艾注射液临床应用欠规范,提示临床用药应严格按照说明书规定适应证、疗程和用法用量,并密切监护患者有无不良反应发生等。     

我院重点监控药品监管前后合理用药指标变化

摘 要 目的：加强监管医院重点监控的药品,在新医改形势下降低药品费用,提升临床用药管理水平。方法：通过制定医院重点监控药品目录、药师监控全方位覆盖、结合医保每日点评、三级培训、厂家约谈、停药公示、目录优化调整、信息化管控、绩效考核等措施建立重点监控药品合理使用长效管理体系,并对我院建立重点监控药品监管前（2017年5月）与监管后（2018年5月）药占比、重点监控药品占比、基本药物使用比例、重点监控药品不合理用药比例、销售金额前10位药品排序进行统计分析。结果：与监管前比较,监管后我院药占比从45.52%降至32.46%,降幅为28.69%;重点监控药品占比的降幅为37.03%,不合理用药比例的降幅为41.35%;抗菌药物使用强度的降幅为11.6%;基本药物使用比例的增幅为6.64%;人均住院用药品种数量从8.17种降至6.96种,降幅为14.81%;销售金额前10位药品中出现了临床治疗指南推荐的治疗用药。结论：医院应结合院内用药特点、当地重点监控药品监管办法及医保政策从停药、针对性的医师处方权限制、信息化监管、重点监控药品目录调整、合理用药点评及培训等环节进行相应监管,从而促进重点监控药品的监控管理,降低药占比,提高合理用药水平。     

A national approach to pharmacovigilance: The case of India as a growing hub of global clinical trials

Pharmacovigilance is the pharmacological science associated with the detection, understanding and prevention of adverse effects, especially long-term and short-term adverse effects of medicines. In the present day pharmaceutical scenario, where the development and marketing of an ever-growing array of medicines has rendered their safety and therapeutic efficacy key to determining the success of a drug, pharmacovigilance has come about to play a critical and significant part. While pharmacovigilance, as a system, has witnessed considerable progress and evolution in the West, not as much has been accomplished in India. With India now being recognised as a hub of global clinical trials and with an increasing number of clinical trials and clinical research studies being conducted actively, the need for a dynamic pharmacovigilance network with an efficient and prudent operation methodology is felt, now more than ever. This article observes the evolution of the pharmacovigilance system in India, with a fundamental overview of the present system in place and also various schemes and proposals to establish and sustain the same. It also examines the challenges faced in the execution of an effective pharmacovigilance network as well as the future prospects with regards to the Indian market.     

Belgian community pharmacists’ pharmacovigilance perspective and practice

BackgroundPharmacovigilance legislation was introduced back in 2012 with new concepts such as the inverted black triangles and risk minimisation activities. Healthcare professionals need to familiarize themselves with these new notions in order to comply with their obligations such as risk mitigation and reporting of adverse drug reactions.ObjectiveTo measure the magnitude and relevance of these new concepts and the impact on everyday dispensing in Belgian community pharmacies.MethodsAn inventory database was constructed containing all relevant pharmacovigilance information at product level, and this data was made available within the pharmacy dispensing software. Furthermore, for a typical community pharmacy, the number of concerned products and the number of dispensed products with supplementary pharmacovigilance responsibilities was determined.ResultsThe number of available and dispensed medicines with black triangle or additional risk minimisation activities has increased significantly since July 2014. During July 2017, each pharmacy dispensed around 120 packs with risk minimisation obligations and around 70 with a black triangle, clearly illustrating the relevance of having all information at hand.ConclusionsWith relevant safety information available at the point of dispensing, pharmacists can now focus on complying with their pharmacovigilance responsibilities.     

2011—2012年甘肃省麻疹实验室网络运转与监测分析

目的评价2011—2012年甘肃省麻疹实验室运转状况,为如期实现消除麻疹目标提供依据。方法对2011--2012年甘肃省麻疹实验室网络（MLN）血清IgM检测、病原学监测、实验室质量控制数据进行分析。结果麻疹监测系统（MSS）报告甘肃省疑似麻疹1275例,采集血清标本1242份,采集率97．41％;麻疹IgM抗体阳性710份,阳性率57．16％;检测风疹血清标本1198份,阳性率20．36％;2011—2012年共收到疑似麻疹、风疹咽拭子标本1019份,分离出58株麻疹病毒,鉴定为Hla基因亚型;分离出风疹病毒20株,为1E基因型;2011—2012年甘肃省疾病预防控制中心麻疹实验室。通过了世界卫生组织和国家麻疹实验室组织的现场认证,血清盲样考核和血清复核符合率均为100．00％;全省14个市、州疾病预防控制中心麻疹网络实验室,连续两年通过了省疾病预防控制中心组织的职能考核和现场认证,血清盲样考核符合率96．67％,血清抽样复核符合率98．41％。结论2011—2012年甘肃省MLN运转良好,为麻疹疑似病例实验室诊断和麻疹流行监测提供了技术支撑,为阻断麻疹病毒传播提供了科学依据。     

Quantitative Prediction of Oral Bioavailability of a Lipophilic Antineoplastic Drug Bexarotene Administered in Lipidic Formulation Using a Combined In Vitro Lipolysis/Microsomal Metabolism Approach

For performance assessment of the lipid-based drug delivery systems (LBDDSs), in vitro lipolysis is commonly applied because traditional dissolution tests do not reflect the complicated in vivo micellar formation and solubilization processes. Much of previous research on in vitro lipolysis has mostly focused on rank-ordering formulations for their predicted performances. In this study, we have incorporated in vitro lipolysis with microsomal stability to quantitatively predict the oral bioavailability of a lipophilic antineoplastic drug bexarotene (BEX) administered in LBDDS. Two types of LBDDS were applied: lipid solution and lipid suspension. The predicted oral bioavailability values of BEX from linking in vitro lipolysis with microsomal stability for lipid solution and lipid suspension were 34.2 ± 1.6% and 36.2 ± 2.6%, respectively, whereas the in vivo oral bioavailability of BEX was tested as 31.5 ± 13.4% and 31.4 ± 5.2%, respectively. The predicted oral bioavailability corresponded well with the oral bioavailability for both formulations, demonstrating that the combination of in vitro lipolysis and microsomal stability can quantitatively predict oral bioavailability of BEX. In vivo intestinal lymphatic uptake was also assessed for the formulations and resulted in <1% of the dose, which confirmed that liver microsomal stability was necessary for correct prediction of the bioavailability.