丙泊酚伍用小剂量芬太尼在ERCP手术中的可行性探讨

目的:观察38例ERCP手术病人应用丙泊酚加小剂量芬太尼的麻醉效果及其对呼吸循环功能的影响,探讨其可行性。方法:采用先静注芬太尼1μg/kg,接着静注丙泊酚600 ml/h诱导,并继以4 mg/(kg.h)的速率持续输注。结果:对循环功能影响轻,对呼吸功能虽有明显抑制,呼吸频率减慢占18%,SPO2下降占21%,但大多在3 min内均自行恢复,对个别患者可行人工辅助呼吸。本组38例麻醉效果均满意。结论:丙泊酚伍用小剂量芬太尼用在ERCP术中简便易行,诱导迅速,苏醒快而完全,但应注意其对呼吸循环功能的影响。     

Carcinoma of the extrahepatic bile ducts

Thirty-seven patients with carcinoma of the extrahepatic bile ducts (EHBD), diagnosed over 14 years from 1974 to 1987, were studied retrospectively. The most common presenting complaint was jaundice, followed by abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting, and weight loss. The majority of EHBD carcinomas were located at the middle third of the bile duct (43.2%), followed by upper third bile duct (37.8%), and lower third bile duct (18.9%). The resectability of the surgically managed group was 44.4%. The most common histologic type was adenocarcinoma. The 30-day postoperative mortality was 30.6%. The mean overall survival of the patients with EHBD carcinoma was 11.2 months. Patients with distal third tumors had the best prognosis with a mean overall survival of 16.0 months. The mean overall survival of patients with upper-third and middle-third tumors were 10.9 months and 9.4 months. A high index of suspicion of the disease as well as earlier, aggressive surgery may improve patient survival.     

经内镜胆管放置改良胆道支架的临床应用

目的 通过研究ERCP放置胆管内支架和改良后胆管内支架解决梗阻性黄疸,判断改良后支架临床实用价值.方法 对20例梗阻性黄疸患者进行常规ERCP,经FRCP将导丝插入胆管并超过梗阻部位,用推送导管将合适的常规支架或改良后支架,或用鼻胆管自制支架置于胆管适当位置,对比病变前后1周胆红素情况,观察术后3个月支架移位,堵塞情况,对比两种支架引流的效果.结果 20例梗阻患者均成功置入塑料支架,成功率100.0%.患者血清总胆红素从(137.8±15.6)μmol/L,术后1周下降到(30.8±5.2)μmol/L,显效16例(80.0%),有效3例(15.0%),总有效率95.0%,1例无效(5.0%).常规支架中显效8例,有效2例,改良支架中显效9例,无效1例.3个月后改良支架未发生移位.常规支架中,2例移位,其中1例致肠壁损伤,1例支架脱落.结论 改良胆管支架(自行对支架进行塑型、打孔、增加侧翼)更容易成功放置,引流更加通畅,并且不易发生移位.     

Patient satisfaction after endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography for biliary stones: A prospective multicenter study in Lombardy

Aims:  To measure patients' satisfaction after endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) for biliary stones in a large number of unselected endoscopy units.
Methods:  A prospective study using a questionnaire (Group Health Association of America—9 [GHAA-9], modified) was administered 24 h and 30 days after the procedure. Patients undergoing endoscopy for biliary stones for the first time were enrolled in a large number of endoscopy units, regardless of their size and workload.
Results:  In all, 700 patients were enrolled in 15 units. A high proportion of patients expressed satisfaction (80%). Satisfaction was less extensive for pain control and the quality of information provided before the procedure. There were no differences in the replies to questionnaires at 24 h and 30 days.
Conclusion:  It is feasible to record patients' satisfaction and in this series most patients were very satisfied. Criticisms concerned pain control and explanations provided before the procedure.     

Cholecystocolic Fistula: A Diagnostic Enigma

Cholecystocolic fistula is a rare biliary-enteric fistula with a variable clinical presentation. Despite modern diagnostic tools, a high degree of suspicion is required to diagnose it preoperatively. Biliary-enteric fistulae have been found in 0.9% of patients undergoing biliary tract surgery. The most common site of communication of the fistula is a cholecystoduodenal (70%), followed by cholecystocolic (10–20%), and the least common is the cholecystogastric fistula accounting for the remainder of cases. These fistulae are treated by open as well as laparoscopic surgery, with no difference in intraoperative and postoperative complications.We report here a case of obstructive jaundice, which was investigated with a plain film of the abdomen, abdominal ultrasonography, and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, but none of these gave us any clue to the presence of the fistula was discovered incidentally during an open surgery and was appropriately treated.     

OBLIQUE‐VIEWING ENDOSCOPE FACILITATES ENDOSCOPIC RETROGRADE CHOLANGIOPANCREATOGRAPHY AND ASSOCIATED PROCEDURES IN POST‐BILLROTH II GASTRECTOMY PATIENTS

Background: Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) and associated procedures have been reported to be difficult to perform in patients with Billroth II gastrectomy. We evaluated the feasibility of using an oblique‐viewing endoscope equipped with a cannula deflector for these procedures in such patients. Patients and Methods: Twenty‐four patients with Billroth II gastrectomy were enrolled in the present study and underwent ERCP, endoscopic sphincterotomy, endoscopic nasobiliary drainage, expandable metal stent placement or tube stent placement. All procedures were performed with an oblique‐viewing endoscope equipped with a cannula deflector. Results: In all patients, afferent loops were entered. Reaching the papilla of Vater was achieved in 22 (91.7%) patients, in whom all planned procedures were accomplished. One patient experienced acute pancreatitis, hemorrhage from the papilla of Vater after sphincterotomy, and intestinal perforation. Conclusions: We believe an oblique‐viewing endoscope equipped with a cannula deflector to be useful in performing ERCP and associated procedures in many patients with Billroth II gastrectomy. However, one should be aware of major complications, such as perforation, that may occur.     

Post‐cholecystectomy cystic duct stump leak: a preventable morbidity

OBJECTIVE:  While major bile duct injury is the most serious complication following laparoscopic cholecystectomy, bile leak from the cystic duct stump remains the commonest morbidity. This is a retrospective assessment of all patients who had a cholecystectomy over a 5‐year period from April 2003 to March 2008. METHODS:  Data related to bile leakage were obtained from the Unisoft endoscopic retrograde cholangio‐pancreatography (ERCP) database. RESULTS:  Overall 2011 cholecystectomies were performed, of which 488 were done as emergency procedures. Thirteen patients had significant bile leakage, three of which were from accessory ducts, in one the source could not be identified and nine had a cystic duct stump leak (CDSL), which formed the basis of this study. Eight of the nine CDSL patients had successful ERCP and stenting. One had a percutaneous trans‐hepatic cholangiography and stenting. CDSL following emergency laparoscopic cholecystectomy was up to threefold higher than after elective procedures. CONCLUSION:  The CDSL of 0.44% was comparable to the reported incidence in the literature. Endoscopic management remains the treatment of choice. Emergency cholecystectomies seem to have a higher incidence of CDSL.     

LIMITATIONS OF PERORAL CHOLANGIOSCOPY IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF BILIARY TUMORS

In patients with carcinoma of the bile duct, a primary tumor with tumor spread along the bile duct is frequently shown as a stricture of the bile duct with ductal irregularity and rigidity on ERCP. In patients in whom histological diagnosis is necessary, larger caliber peroral cholangioscopes with a larger working channel should be chosen because they have the advantage of simultaneous biopsy diagnosis. However, peroral cholangioscopy (POCS) has limitations to inspect mucosal tumor spread along the upstream ducts due to the tight stricture, to obtain sufficient biopsy material for confirming the diagnosis, and to identify submucosal tumor spread. With further improvement of techniques, the combined use of POCS with biopsy under direct vision and intraductal ultrasonography (IDUS) is expected to be the best way in the diagnosis of biliary tumors.     

ERCP在胆囊切除术后综合征病因诊断和治疗中的应用

目的评价ERCP在胆囊切除术后综合征（PCS）病因诊断和治疗中的应用价值。方法回顾性分析4年间收治的临床诊断为PCS的116例行ERCP患者的临床资料，对有治疗性ERCP指征的80例（68．97％）进行内镜治疗。结果全组116例胆管显影率为100％，胰管显影97例（83．62％）。PCS原因为胆总管结石56例（48．28％），十二指肠乳头旁憩室及憩室内乳头19例（16．37％）、胆囊管残留过长并胆囊管结石15例（12．93％），胆总管末端良性狭窄13例（11．20％）、Oddi’s括约肌运动功能障碍4例（3．45％），十二指肠乳头肿瘤3例（2．59％），胆总管损伤狭窄2例（1．73％），硬化性胆管炎1例（0．86％），胆管癌1例（0．86％），残留胆囊伴结石1例（0．86％）及慢性胰腺炎伴胰管结石1例（0．86％）。行EST取石57例次，内镜下鼻胆管引流治疗20例次，内镜下胆管内支架置放术治疗23例次，内镜下胆管内自膨性金属支架植入术治疗1例次，胰管括约肌切开取石1例次。未发生严重并发症。内镜治疗的80例中，75例获得随访3—12个月，74例（98．67％）症状缓解。结论ERCP是PCS病因诊断的金标准，PCS是ERCP治疗的适应证，对有内镜治疗指征的患者，治疗性ERCP是首选的方法。     

内镜逆行胰胆管造影诊治胆胰疾病346例

目的 探讨内镜逆行胰胆管造影术（ERCP）诊治胰胆管疾病的疗效和并发症的防治措施.方法 回顾ERCP 346例,探讨在各种情况下如何进行十二指肠乳头肌切开（EST）和柱状气囊扩张（EPBD）治疗及并发症的防治.结果 346例ERCP中成功340例（98.3%）.胆总管结石138例,137例EST取石成功.胆总管泥沙样结石20例,作EST和EPBD治疗.胆胰肿瘤10例,EST后EPBD治疗.结论 ERCP对胆胰疾病诊断可靠,治疗性ERCP是胆胰疾病微创治疗的发展趋势.