内镜下逆行胰胆管造影加乳头切开对胆总管结石的诊疗价值

目的　评价内镜下逆行胰胆管造影 (ERCP)对胆总管结石的诊断及治疗价值。方法　回顾性分析 14 2例临床怀疑有胆总管结石的患者先行ERCP检查 ,再经内镜下乳头括约肌切开术 (EST)治疗胆总管结石。结果　本组 14 2例 ,ERCP准确诊断胆总管结石 12 8例 ,怀疑结石 3例 ,其余 6例未发现异常 ,漏诊 5例 ,其诊断结石的准确率为 90 .1% ( 12 8/14 2 )。EST取石成功 12 9例 ,失败 4例 ,成功率为 96.9%。采用取石网篮、取石球囊和机械碎石网篮取石。结论　ERCP对胆总管结石有较高的诊断价值。EST是一种诊疗胆总管结石安全、有效的治疗方法     

胆管癌误诊和漏诊的影像学分析

目的：分析胆管癌误诊和漏诊的原因，评价不同检查方法对肝门区胆管癌诊断的价值，提高胆管癌的影像学诊断和鉴别诊断水平。方法：收集31例临床和病理诊断为胆管癌的病例(ERCP检查31例，B超检查31例，25例CT检查，11例行MRCP检查)，回顾性分析不同检查方法的影像学表现。结果：31例中发生在肝门区的胆管癌25例。2例初次ERCP显示胆管内出血，再次行鼻胆管造影后诊断为胆管癌，4例合并有总胆管结石。6例为总胆管中下段癌。初次诊断准确性为90．3％。11例MRCP中9例显示病变，2例显示不满意，7例显示胆管或胆囊结石。25例CT中23例显示肝内胆管扩张，9例显示肝门区肿块，2例见后腹膜转移淋巴结，1例见肝内多发性转移瘤。12例初次诊断正确(48％)。B超检查23例提示肝内胆管扩张，6例提示总胆管结石，18例诊断为胆囊炎、胆囊结石，8例提示胆管占位(25．8％)。结论：良好的直接胆管造影是诊断胆管癌的金标准，MRCP可以在一定程度上准确显示病变的范围，是ERCP的良好补充，很大程度上取代了诊断性ERCP；CT诊断的关键在于显示扩张的胆管和梗阻的定位，肝门区梗阻多为胆管癌所致。多种影像检查方法的结合明显提高了诊断的准确性，对胆管癌治疗方案的选择有重要价值。     

Clinical analysis of congenital bile duct dilatation: Experience with 160 patients over a 7-year period

From July 1989, to June 1996, 160 patients with congenital bile duct dilatation (CBD) were treated at our institution. The incidence of CBD at our institution has increased annually. In approximately 90% of patients with CBD there was associated anomalous arrangement of the pancreaticobiliary ductal system, and we concluded that this was one of the main causes of CBD. Pediatric endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography was first introduced to China in 1989, and has been successfully performed in 90.2% of 92 patients at our institution. We found that age at diagnosis was closely related to the subtype, complications, and mortality of CBD. The subtype also correlated with the presenting symptoms. One hundred and forty-seven of the 160 patients underwent surgery. Of these 147 patients, 136 (92.5%) were cured with normal liver function and 9 (6.1%) improved with liver impairment. Two patients died, one of postoperative pneumonia and one of liver failure. We conclude that early radical surgery and careful postoperative follow-up are essential in the prevention of CBD complications such as cholangitis, pancreatitis, biliary stones, and development of carcinoma. This article is based on a special lecture delivered before the 19th meeting of the Japanese Society of Pancreatico-biliary Maljunction, on September 14, 1996, in Tokyo     

鼻胆管引流灌注治疗急性胰腺炎的临床价值

目的　探讨鼻胆管引流灌注 (ENBD)治疗急性胰腺炎的临床价值。方法　 40例经B超或CT检查无胆总管、肝总管结石的急性胰腺炎患者随机分为ENBD治疗组和对照组 ,ENBD治疗组在常规逆行性胰胆管造影 (ERCP)检查时做胆汁常规检查及细菌培养 ,术后留置鼻胆管引流并交替应用 0 .9%氯化钠 5 0ml +庆大霉素 8万U 8h和 0 .5 %灭滴灵 5 0ml 8h灌注持续 3～ 5d ,对照组应用善宁 0 .1mg皮下注射 8h持续 3d并观察其 1年内的复发情况。结果　ENBD治疗组 2 0例患者胆汁中均发现有白细胞及黄、黑色泥沙样物 ,6例培养出微生物 ( 3 0 % ) ,ENBD治疗组与善宁治疗组的腹痛消失时间分别为 ( 8.45± 8.40 )h和 ( 3 8.10± 3 5 .43 )h(P =0 .0 0 2 ) ,血清淀粉酶恢复至正常所需时间分别为 ( 18.0 0± 8.2 6)h和 ( 5 6.40± 48.80 )h(P =0 .0 0 2 ) ,两组的 1年复发率分别为 5 %和 40 % ,其差异均有非常显著性 (P <0 .0 1)。结论　鼻胆管引流灌注治疗急性胰腺炎疗效确切而安全 ,能减少复发 ,胆汁淤积和感染在急性胰腺炎的发病中起重要作用。     

Intravenous cholangiography,ERCP, and selective operative cholangiography in the performance of laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Between March 1990 and March 1993 some 822 consecutive patients underwent an attempt at laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Intravenous cholangiography (IVC), ERCP, and selective intraoperative cholangiography (IOC) were used in the evaluation of common bile duct (CBD) stones. Two hundred thirteen patients (26%) were identified preoperatively with either abnormal liver functions or a dilated common bile duct suggestive of CBD stones. IVC was performed in 143 patients (67%). Choledocholithiasis was identified in 14 patients (10%). Preoperative therapeutic ERCP was successful in all 14 patients (100%). Diagnostic ERCP was attempted in 61 patients and successful in 59 (97%). Choledocholithiasis was identified in 25 patients (41%). Successful extraction was accomplished in 23 patients (92%). Transcystic common bile duct exploration was used effectively in the patients with an unsuccessful ERCP. IOC was attempted in 50 patients and successful in 48 (96%). Choledocholithiasis was identified in three (6%). A retained CBD stone was present in eight patients (1%). There was one level I CBD injury (0.122%). The use of IVC, selective ERCP, and selective IOC is a reasonable approach in the performance of laparoscopic cholecystectomy.     

老年病人ERCP术后胰腺炎的高危因素探讨及对策

目的探讨老年病人ERCP术后引发急性胰腺炎的高危因素及对策。方法对该院行ERCP检查或治疗355例老年患者进行回顾性分析。结果30例于ERCP术后发生急性胰腺炎,与ERCP引发急性胰腺炎相关的主要因素有:年龄、性别、体重指数、内镜下括约肌切开(EST)、多次乳头插管、多次胰腺显影和有胰腺炎病史。结论老年患者ERCP术后继发胰腺炎与患者自身因素及医师操作技术有关,术后鼻胆管引流能有效预防ERCP术后胰腺炎。     

Symptoms, diagnosis and endoscopic management of common bile duct stones

Symptomatic BDS commonly cause significant morbidity and attempt at stone removal should be attempted if possible. Complications of CBDS include biliary colic, jaundice, cholangitis and pancreatitis. Investigations aimed to predict the presence of stones within the bile duct include serum bilirubin, AST, ALP, common bile duct diameter and age as independent predictors of choledocholithiasis. TUS is a sensitive test in detecting bile duct dilatation but the sensitivity is reduced in its ability to detect choledocholithiasis. A NIH consensus statement found that ERC, MRC and EUS were comparable in their sensitivities, specificities and accuracy rates for detection of choledocholithiasis. ERC and stone removal using a balloon or basket is often performed following EST. EBD may be performed if patients have uncorrected coagulopathies but the risk of pancreatitis is higher than for EST (although the risk of bleeding complications is lower for EBD). ML is often required in difficult to remove CBDS and using this device, CBDS can be removed in 90–95% of cases. Other forms of lithotripsy including laser lithotripsy and EHL are confined to specialised centres and the evidence for their use is based on small studies. ESWL may clear stones from the bile duct in up to 93% of patients but frequently ERC and stone fragment removal is required post ESWL. The role of medical therapy in difficult to remove CBDS (or in CBDS in patients with severe co-morbid illness preventing ERC + stone removal) is still currently uncertain due to a lack of large randomised control trials.     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术前后B超检查阴性的胆总管结石诊断和处理

目的探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)前后B超检查阴性的胆总管结石的诊断与处理。方法对42例腹腔镜胆囊切除术前和9例LC术后患者怀疑有胆总管结石而B超检查阴性的患者用MRCP和，或ERCP作进一步检查。结果LC术前诊断为胆总管结石25例中24例经ERCP、EST术顺利取出胆总管结石，1例EST失败，改行开腹手术。LC术后5例患者均行EST术取出胆总管残余结石。术后并发症是一过性反应性胰腺炎5例，乳头出血1例，肺部感染1例，均经保守治疗，所有患者均痊愈出院。结论B超检查阴性的胆总管可能存在结石，MRCP是发现胆总管结石的最佳的无创诊断方法，ERCP和EST是确诊和取出胆总管结石的微创有效的治疗方法。     

十二指肠镜下逆行胆胰管造影及取石并发急性胰腺炎6例分析

目的探讨十二指肠镜下逆行胆胰管造影(ERCP)及取石(EST)引发急性胰腺炎的防治方法。方法对该院已行ERCP和EST的42例患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果6例术后并发急性胰腺炎，其中1例死亡。结论ERCP和EST引发急性胰腺炎，主要有两种情况，一是化学刺激引发急性胰腺炎；另一方面为共同通道受阻引发急性胰腺炎，只有在操作中认真防范，术后仔细观察、处理，该并发症是可以防治的。