深圳市2002年急诊住院死亡病例调查

目的　查找急救各环节存在的问题 ,降低急救死亡率和伤残率 ,为进一步建设和完善急救网络提供客观依据。方法　对照 2 0 0 2年全市 6 0个急救网络医院急诊入院急救的 14 4 6份死亡病历填写调查表 ,用Profox6 0建立数据库 ,用SPSS 11 0统计分析。结果　各项急救处置用时中位数 :下达首次医嘱、执行首次医嘱和上级医师到场均为 5min ,二线医师到场 10min ;病情讨论和院内会诊时间分别为入院后 12 0min和 180min ;开始输血时间为入院后 6 0min。调查中发现一些医师对急救技术和程序掌握不到位 ,医疗文书时间因素记录不详细 ,存在制度不落实的现象 ;急诊住院死亡和院前死亡的死因谱有差别。结论　急诊住院急救在时间因素、技术因素和质量因素等方面需进一步提高 ,要提高对急救工作的重视程度     

Could the unfortunate outcome of pediatric acute myocarditis be predicted? Factors contributing to a poor outcome in myocarditis

ObjectiveMyocarditis has spontaneous resolution in 50% of patients. Our study aimed to define risk factors for developing dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) and death in pediatric patients with acute myocarditis (AM).MethodsThe retrospective cohort study included all patients with treated AM. The Mother and Child Health Institute from January 2011 to March 2019.ResultsIn the study, 62 patients were included, 40 boys and 22 girls (11.15±5.86 years) with AM. Twelve out of sixty-two children had acute fulminant myocarditis. Four patients died in the acute phase of AM, and 11 developed DCM. Follow up was 27.14±36.52 months. Patients with poor outcome (DCM development) were under the age of seven (odds ratio [OR] 10.1; p=0.003), more likely to be girls (OR 4.6; p=0.03), and had fulminant myocarditis (OR 27.0; <0.001). An ejection fraction (EF) <55% and fractional shortening (FS) <30% increased risk of DCM 13- and 5-fold, respectively, but patients with EF between 40 and 55% remain at highest risk of developing DCM. There was a 12-fold increased risk for DCM in patients with left ventricular end-diastolic diameter Z score >2+. The receiver operator curve showed that the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) cut-off value for developing DCM was 1780 mmol/l (sensitivity 80%, specificity 100%).ConclusionAcute fulminant myocarditis was an independent risk factor for DCM. Children with EF between 40 and 50% at admission were at highest risk of developing DCM. Lactate dehydrogenase value could be a significant prognostic value for the outcome of pediatric myocarditis.     

Cronbach's α reliability,concurrent validity,and factorial structure of the Death Depression Scale in an Iranian hospital staff sample

ObjectiveDeath depression is an important component in the process of death and dying. Death depression is the second element of death. Depression is one of the important features in death distress. The aim of this study was to explore the performance of the Farsi version of the Death Depression Scale with an Iranian convenience sample of nurses (n = 106).MethodsNurses were selected using a convenience sampling method, and completed the Death Depression Scale (DDS), Death Concern Scale (DCS), Collett-Lester Fear of Death Scale (CLFDS), Reasons for Death Fear Scale (RDFS), Templer's Death Anxiety Scale (DAS), and Death Obsession Scale (DOS).ResultsThe results of exploratory factor analysis on DDS identified 4 factors (56.16% of variance). Factor 1 labeled “Death sadness”, Factor 2 labeled “Death finality/end and Death dread/fear”, Factor 3 labeled “Death despair and Death depression”, and Factor 4 labeled “Death loneliness”. Cronbach's α coefficient was 0.84, Spearman-Brown coefficient 0.85, and Guttman Split-Half coefficient 0.81 The DDS correlated 0.40 with the DCS, 0.39 with the CLFDS, 0.50 with the DAS, 0.35 with the RDFS, and 0.44 with the DOS, indicating good construct and criterion-related validity. Concurrent validity for the DDS with the other scales were significant.ConclusionsThe DDS has good validity and reliability, and it can use in clinical and research settings.     

The association between the etiology of a spinal cord injury and time to mortality in the United States: A 44-year investigation

Objective: To determine the association between spinal cord injury (SCI) etiology categories and mortality, and examine the association between etiology sub-categories and mortality.

Design: Prospective cohort study.

Setting: Model Systems and Shriners Hospital SCI units.

Participants: Data were analyzed from 42,627 cases in the SCI Model System Collaborative Survival Study Database from 1973 to 2017. Those with SCI etiologies categorized as vehicular, violent, sports, falls, pedestrian, and medical were included.

Interventions: Not applicable.

Outcome Measure: Time to mortality after SCI.

Results: Relative to the sports related etiology category, those with medical, pedestrian, violence, falls, and vehicular related SCIs had a 2.00 (95% confidence intervals (CIs): 1.79–2.24), 1.57 (CIs: 1.34–1.83), 1.54 (CIs: 1.41–1.68), 1.35 (CIs: 1.25–1.45), and 1.26 (CIs: 1.17–1.35) higher hazard for mortality, respectfully. Persons with SCIs from automobile crashes had a 1.38 (CIs: 1.23–1.56) higher hazard for mortality, whereas those with SCIs from motorcycle crashes had a 1.21 (CIs: 1.04–1.39) higher hazard for mortality, relative to other etiologies within the vehicular category. Those with SCIs from diving had a 1.37 (CIs: 1.18–1.59) higher hazard for mortality relative to other etiologies within the sports category.

Conclusions: Injury etiology categories and certain sub-categories were associated with a higher risk for early mortality. Understanding how additional factors such as socioeconomic status, co-occurring injuries, medical co-morbidities, and environmental aspects interact with SCI etiologies may provide insights for how etiology of injury impacts survival. These findings may serve as a development for extending long-term life expectancy by informing SCI prevention programs and care post-injury.     

Caspase-8 as a therapeutic target in cancer

Caspase-8 is an apical caspase which initiates programmed cell death following death receptor ligation. This central role in apoptosis has prompted significant clinical interest in regulating caspase-8 expression and proteolytic activity. However, caspase-8 has also been found to play a number of non-apoptotic roles in cells, such as promoting activation NF-κB signaling, regulating autophagy and altering endosomal trafficking, and enhancing cellular adhesion and migration. Therefore, depending upon the specific cellular context, caspase-8 may either potentiate or suppress tumor malignancy. Accordingly, a marked heterogeneity exists in the expression patterns of caspase-8 among different tumor types. Therapeutics have been developed which can increase caspase-8 expression, yet it remains unclear whether this approach will be beneficial in all cases. Care is warranted, and the role of caspase-8 should be addressed on a case by case basis.     

急诊COPD死亡患者生物学特征分析

目的 探讨急诊COPD死亡患者的基本生物学特征,为COPD的急诊处理提供决策参考.方法 收集我院2009-2012年急诊诊治后死亡的COPD患者,对其性别、年龄、病程、住院时间、死亡时间和合并症等基础性生物学特征进行统计分析.结果 4年间共有101例COPD患者先后经急诊留观或收入住院治疗最终死亡,男80例,女21例;全部患者均有其他合并症,其中呼吸衰竭、肺源性心脏病和肺炎是最常见的3种合并症;81例伴有呼吸衰竭;平均年龄（78.98±8.68）岁;从确定诊断到至死亡的平均病程（13.42±9.27）年,平均住院天数（15.86±19.24）天;5月是死亡的高发月份;12：00～14：00是死亡的易发时间段.结论 急诊诊治的COPD死亡患者有一定的特征性规律,加强对高危因素或好发时段的监护和处置,对延长患者寿命可能有一定帮助.     

End-of-life practices in patients admitted to pediatric intensive care units in Brazil: A retrospective study

ObjectiveTo determine the prevalence of life support limitation (LSL) in patients who died after at least 24 h of a pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) stay, parent participation and to describe how this type of care is delivered.MethodsRetrospective cohort study in a tertiary PICU at a university hospital in Brazil. All patients aged 1 month to 18 years who died were eligible for inclusion. The exclusion criteria were those brain death and death within 24 h of admission.Results53 patients were included in the study. The prevalence of a LSL report was 45.3%. Out of 24 patients with a report of LSL on their medical records only 1 did not have a do-not-resuscitate order. Half of the patients with a report of LSL had life support withdrawn. The length of their PICU stay, age, presence of parents at the time of death, and severity on admission, calculated by the Pediatric Index of Mortality 2, were higher in patients with a report of LSL. Compared with other historical cohorts, there was a clear increase in the prevalence of LSL and, most importantly, a change in how limitations are carried out, with a high prevalence of parental participation and an increase in withdrawal of life support.ConclusionsLSLs were associated with older and more severely ill patients, with a high prevalence of family participation in this process. The historical comparison showed an increase in LSL and in the withdrawal of life support.