关于香附叶迹维管束类型的订正

实验结果表明,香附根茎中的叶迹维管束是有限外韧型,而不是周木型。     

Bioefficacy of crude extract of Cyperus aromaticus (Family: Cyperaceae ) cultured cells,against Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes

Objective

To evaluate the growth inhibition activity of the crude extract of Cyperus aromaticus (C. aromaticus) cultured cells against the 3rd instar larvae of Aedes aegypti (Linn.) and Aedes albopictus Skuse (Ae. albopictus) under laboratory conditions, and determine the sublethal effects (EI₅₀) of the crude extract of C. aromaticus cultured cells on some biological and morphological parameters of both Aedes mosquito species during two generations as well.

Methods

The cell suspension cultures of C. aromaticus were activated from five callus lines (P4, Pa, Z1, Z6 and Ml) derived from the root explants of in vitro plantlets. The cultured cells were extracted in chloroform and used as plant material for the present study. For detection of juvenile hormone III, the crude extracts were analyzed by HPLC. Then the crude extracts of the three C. aromaticus cultured cell lines which contained varied amounts of juvenile hormone III [high level (P4 cell line), medium level (Z1 cell line) and low level (Ml cell line)] were tested against Aedes mosquito species. Laboratory evaluation was performed against late third instar larvae of the Vector Control Research Unit strains of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus using the standard WHO method. The effects of EI₅₀ of the C. aromaticus cultured P4 cells on fecundity, fertility, growth period, sex ratio, adult size and longevity of Aedes mosquitoes were assessed.

Results

Bioassay tests presented the remarkable growth inhibition activity of the crude extracts of C. aromaticus cultured cells against the two Aedes mosquitoes. Between the two mosquito species, Ae. albopictus was more susceptible to the crude extracts with lower EI₅₀ values. EI₅₀ of the crude extract of C. aromaticus cultured cells (P4) increased the sterility indices in the parental generation females in both Aedes mosquito species. A significant delay in the pupal formation and adult emergence were observed in the parental generation of the both mosquito species. The sex ratio of the adult population either parental or F1 generation of the Aedes mosquito species was not significantly affected by the EI₅₀ dosage of the crude extract of C. aromaticus cultured P4 cells. A significant decrease in the wing length of the treated adult (female and male) of Aedes aegypti as well as the treated female of Ae. albopictus were observed. Longevity of the adult female of the parental generation of both Aedes mosquitoes as well as females of F1 generation of Ae. albopictus were significantly decreased.

Conclusions

The present study revealed the potential of the crude extract of C. aromaticus cultured cells in controlling vector mosquito populations in the effort to reduce the transmission of vector borne diseases.     

Effect of Abelmoschus esculentus (okra) on metabolic syndrome: A review

Metabolic syndrome is a disorder characterized by dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, abdominal fat, high blood pressure, hypertriglyceridemia, and diminished high density lipoprotein cholesterol. Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.), routinely called lady's finger, has belonged to the Malvaceae family. Okra is considered as a valuable crop due to the multiple functions of its leaves, buds, flowers, pods, stems, and seeds in traditional and modern medicines. Several bioactive components are presented in different parts of okra including polyphenolic compounds especially oligomeric catechins and flavonol derivatives such as quercetin. The antioxidant, anti‐inflammatory, anticancer, immunomodulatory, gastroprotective, neuroprotective, lipid lowering, and antidiabetic effects of okra have been established. Although different in vivo and in vitro studies revealed that okra has an ability to overcome metabolic syndrome symptoms, the lack of clinical studies is notable. So, further clinical trials should be accomplished to confirm the role of okra in metabolic syndrome. The aims of this review are to gather different studies regarding the potential efficacy of okra in metabolic syndrome.     

Contrasting nutrient stocks and litter decomposition in stands of native and invasive species in a sub-tropical estuarine marsh

We compared the influence of invasion by an alien invasive species (Spartina alterniflora, smooth cordgrass) and a native aggressive species (Phragmites australis, common reed) as they have expanded into the native Cyperus malaccensis (shichito matgrass)-dominated wetland ecosystem in the Min River estuary of southeast China. S. alterniflora is a perennial grass native to North America, which has spread rapidly along the southeast coast of China since its introduction in 1979. Our study compared the above and belowground biomass, net primary production, litter decomposition, plant nutrient stocks and soil organic carbon storage of the grasses in three ecosystems: (1) the native ecosystem dominated by C. malaccensis; (2) ecosystems previously dominated by C. malaccensis but presently replaced by P. australis; and (3) ecosystems previously dominated by C. malaccensis but presently replaced by S. alterniflora. Our results demonstrate that the recent invasion (3 years) of the exotic invasive species S. alterniflora has already significantly increased live aboveground biomass and aboveground plant nutrient stocks. However, there was no significant difference in these variables between native aggressive species P. australis and native C. malaccensis. The majority of belowground root Carbon (C), Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) stocks of the three plant species were all distributed in the upper surface layer and there was a decrease with soil depth. There was little difference in litter decomposition rates among the three grass species; they were ranked in the following order: C. malaccensis>S. alterniflora>P. australis. Litter element concentration showed similar patterns for the three species. However, important differences were found between N and P; the litter N concentrations in each of the three species were greater at the end of the 280 days decomposition than at the start, but P concentrations followed a fluctuating pattern during the decomposition period. Soil organic carbon stocks (0–50 cm) under S. alterniflora, P. australis and C. malaccensis stands were statistically indistinguishable, which may be due to the invasion of S. alterniflora having been a relatively recent phenomenon. Thus, recent invasion of the exotic species S. alterniflora has already altered the nutrient cycle of C. malaccensis in the ecosystem in the Min River estuary.     

Effect of polyherbal formulation on experimental models of inflammatory bowel diseases

A polyherbal ayurvedic formulation from an ancient authentic classical text of ayurveda was evaluated for its activity against inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The polyherbal formulation contained four different drugs viz., Bilwa (Aegle marmeloes), Dhanyak (Coriandrum sativum), Musta (Cyperus rotundus) and Vala (Vetiveria zinzanioids).

The formulation has been tried before in clinical practice and was found to be useful in certain number of cases of IBD (ulcerative colitis), so was tried in the same form i.e., decoction (aqueous extract) in experimental animals to revalidate the claims of the same.

The formulation was tried on two different experimental animal models of inflammatory bowel disease, which are acetic acid-induced colitis in mice and indomethacin-induced enterocolitis in rats. Prednisolone was used as the standard drug for comparison.

The formulation showed significant inhibitory activity against inflammatory bowel disease induced in these experimental animal models. The activity was comparable with the standard drug prednisolone. The results obtained established the efficacy of this polyherbal formulation against inflammatory bowel diseases.     

妇科十味片的薄层色谱鉴别

目的：鉴别妇科十味片中的香附、川芎、延胡索和白芍。方法：采用薄层色谱法。结果：建立简便、灵敏、可靠的薄层色谱（TLC）法。结论：可用于妇科十味片的质量控制。     

Phytochemical information and pharmacological activities of Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus): A literature‐based review

This review aimed at summarizing phytochemical reports and biological activities of Abelmoschus esculentus L. from the database sources. For this, an up‐to‐date search was made in the PubMed, Science Direct, MedLine, Scopus, and Google Scholar. The findings suggest that A. esculentus contains various nutrients and important phytochemicals. It possesses a number of important biological activities, including antioxidant, anti‐inflammatory and immunomodulatory, antibacterial, anticancer, antidiabetic, organ protective, and neuropharmacological activities. Moreover, the plant also has lipid‐lowering, trypsin inhibitory, hemagglutinating, antiadhesive, and antifatigue activities. The fruit and seeds are well tolerated in humans and other animals. In conclusion, A. esculentus may be one of the best sources of pharmacologically active lead compounds. More research is necessary on its toxicogenetic effects in animals.     

基于GC-MS技术研究不同产地加工方法对香附挥发性成分的影响

目的 建立香附气质联用(GC-MS)方法,以其主要挥发性成分为指标,对不同产地加工方法处理的香附质量进行综合评价。方法 利用GC-MS技术完成香附挥发油中化学成分的定性鉴别,以其13个主要挥发性成分作为评价指标,利用聚类分析(CA)、主成分分析(PCA)、偏最小二乘法判别分析(PLS-DA)等多种化学计量学方法对不同产地加工方法处理的香附药材进行区分比较。结果 香附挥发油中共鉴别出37个成分,在煮制和蒸制过程中,分别有15个和7个成分逐渐消失。以13个主要挥发性成分作为评价指标,不同产地加工处理的香附化学成分存在明显差异,各成分在蒸煮过程中均有一定程度的损失,聚类热图显示各批样品主要分为两类,蒸制10、15 min及煮制8、12 min香附样品聚为一类,其余香附样品聚为一类。PCA结果显示“蒸制5 min”和“煮制2 min”样品的综合得分高于其他样品,其次是“直接晒干”“蒸制10 min”和“煮制4 min”,且煮制4 min、蒸制10 min后香附综合得分急剧下降;PLS-DA结果显示α-香附酮、圆柚酮、β-芹子烯和香附子烯为区分不同产地加工处理香附的标志性差异成分。结论 不同加工处理方法对香附药材化学成分影响较大,蒸制5 min和煮制2 min香附样品质量最佳,为较为良好的加工工艺,若农户条件不允许亦可采用直接晒干的方法,而煮制4 min、蒸制10 min后香附药材质量急剧下降,应为加工工艺的程度阙值。     

Natural mucoadhesive microspheres of Abelmoschus esculentus polysaccharide as a new carrier for nasal drug delivery

This work describes the preparation and evaluation of mucoadhesive microspheres, using Abelmoschus esculentus polysaccharide as a novel carrier for safe and effective delivery of rizatriptan benzoate into nasal cavity. The polysaccharide was extracted from the fruit of A. esculentus and mucoadhesive microspheres were prepared by emulsification, followed by crosslinking using epichlorohydrin. Prepared microspheres were evaluated for size, morphology, swelling properties, mucoadhesive strength, encapsulation efficiency and drug release. Microspheres were found to release 50% of drug within 15?min and rest of the drug was released within 60?min. The drug release was found to decrease with increasing concentration of polysaccharide. To determine the retention time of the microspheres in the nasal cavity of rabbits, the microspheres were radiolabelled with ^99mTc and subjected to gamma scintigraphy. The results showed a significant improvement in the nasal retention of the microspheres as compared to the aqueous solution of radiolabelled free-drug.