不同强度运动对女子游泳运动员性激素水平的影响及特点

本研究以放兔分析法观察不同强度运动前后19名女子游泳运动员血清促卵泡激素(FSH)、黄体生成素(LH)、雌二醇(E_2)、孕酮(P)、睾酮(T)及胰岛素(Ins)的变化。受试者在卵泡及黄体两期分别进行短时间高强度间歇运动——6×50m全速力竭性游泳和长时间持续运动——1000m全速力竭性游泳。在运动前5分钟及运动后即刻分别采集静脉血测定各种激素含量。主要结果如下:受试者从事6×50m最大速度间歇游泳后,卵泡期各种激素浓度的变化均显著高于运动前安静状态,黄体期变化不一,FSH、LH降低,E_2、P、T及Ins升高。从事1000m全速游泳后,激素变化表现为卵泡期FSH、LH、E_2、P均升高,T及Ins降低;黄体期E_2、P、T升高,Ins降低,FSH、LH无显著变化,两期相比黄体期运动成绩优于卵泡期。上述结果提示:①受试者月经周期的黄体期机体有氧能力强于卵泡期,运动能力的增强与黄体期E_2、P、T水平升高有关。②FSH、LH与E_2、P分泌变化并非同步一致,说明运动中E_2升高并非受制于促性腺激素,而主要是卵巢分泌量升高所致。③运动中E_2、P、T具有协同效应,可抵抗疲劳,提高人体运动能力。     

家兔输卵管结扎术后黄体的形态变化

将27只雌性家兔随机分为五组,即Pomeroy法扎管组;Uchida法扎管组;结扎子宫动脉组;结扎卵巢动脉组和假手术组。术后4～10周合笼交配。交配后第八天取黄体做光镜和透射电镜观察。结果:Uchida法扎管后黄体的形态正常;Pomeroy法扎管和结扎子宫动脉后黄体的形态有轻微改变;结扎卵巢动脉后黄体的形态有明显改变。研究结果对探讨“扎管后综合征”的发生机制具有一定的意义。     

Veränderungen von Spontanaktivität und Reizantwort retinaler und geniculärer Neurone der Katze bei fraktionierter Injektion von Pentobarbital-Na (Nembutal)

Zusammenfassung 1. Die Veränderungen der spontanen und Reaktionsaktivität von Neuronen des Tractus opticus und der Radiatio optica wurden bei fraktionierter Injektion von Pentobarbital-Na (Nembutal) untersucht. Dabei wurden in 5 min-Abständen jeweils 5 mg Nembutal injiziert und die mittlere Entladungsrate, das Intervall- und Poststimulushistogramm aufgenommen.2. Die Spontanaktivität der meisten retinalen Neurone zeigte bei Nembutaldosen zwischen 5 und 30 mg eine Zunahme der mittleren Entladungsrate, bei Experimenten mit geringer Spontantätigkeit bereits in der Kontrolle wurde von Anfang an eine Aktivitätsminderung beobachtet. Über 30 mg fällt die mittlere Entladungsrate bei allen Neuronen ab. Nach jeder Einzelinjektion kommt es zu einem mehrphasischen Verlauf der Entladungstätigkeit mit initialer Zunahme, sekundärer überschießender Verminderung und langsamer Erholung in einen steady state. Bei post-geniculären Neuronen fehlt die initiale Aktivitätssteigerung.3. Retinale Ganglienzellen zeigen bei niedrigen und mittleren Barbituratdosen charakteristische Veränderungen des Entladungsmusters mit gruppierten Entladungen und multimodalen Intervallverteilungen. Dabei sind die kürzesten Intervalle bei allen Neuronen mit 4–5 msec außerordentlich konstant und dosisunabhängig. Die längeren Intervalle (15–35 msec und Vielfache) sind variabler und dosisabhängig. Die beobachteten Vorzugsintervalle werden durch die supra- und subnormale Phase der Neurone nach dem Aktionspotential erklärt (delayed depolarization und polarizing afterpotential).4. Die Reaktion auf Lichtpunktreize im rezeptiven Feldzentrum zeigt eine stärkere Verminderung der späten tonischen als der initialen phasischen Reizantwort. Bei on-Zentrum-Neuronen tritt mit abnehmender steady-state-Aktivität eine off-Erregung in Erscheinung, die vor der Narkose zwar bereits vorhanden, aber nicht erkennbar war. Off-Zentrum-Neurone zeigen nur eine leichte Verminderung der off-Aktivierung. Die Reaktionen geniculärer Neurone wurden stärker vermindert als die von retinalen Neuronen.5. Die Bedeutung peripherer und allgemeiner neuronaler Faktoren für die Interpretation von Narkoseeffekten wird hervorgehoben.Die Arbeit wurde mit Unterstützung der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft durchgeführt (Cr 30).     

Peripheral blood mononuclear cells stimulate progesterone production by luteal cells derived from pregnant and non-pregnant women: possible involvement of interleukin-4 and interleukin-10 in corpus luteum function and differentiation

Human luteal cells have been reported to express human leukocyteantigen-DR and lymphocyte functional antigen-3 on the cell surface,suggesting physiological interaction between luteal cells andT-lymphocytes through the menstrual cycle into early pregnancy.To elucidate the role of peripheral lymphocytes on corpus luteumdifferentiation, the effect of peripheral blood mononuclearcells (PBMC) on steroidogenesis by luteal cells was investigated.The production of Th-2 cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-4and IL-10 by the co-cultured cells was also examined, and theeffects of these cytokines on progesterone production by lutealcells were investigated. Corpora lutea were obtained from eightnon-pregnant women in the luteal phase and five women in earlypregnancy for luteal cell culture. PBMC were isolated from unrelatedwomen in the follicular phase, secretory phase, and early pregnancy.After co-culture with allogenic PBMC for 48 h, progesteroneproduction was significantly enhanced by PBMC from the secretoryphase and early pregnancy in the non-pregnant luteal cell culture.In the pregnant luteal cell culture, a significant increasein progesterone production was also observed by the co-culturewith PBMC from women in early pregnancy, showing that PBMC havea luteotrophic effect. The stimulatory effects of PBMC werealso observed in co-culture conditions which prevented directcell-to-cell interaction with luteal cells, showing the minorinfluence of mixed lymphocyte reaction. By co-culture with PBMC,the production of IL-10, but not IL-4, was significantly augmentedin luteal cell culture derived from non-pregnant women, whereasthe production of both IL-4 and IL-10 was significantly enhancedin the luteal cell culture derived from pregnant women. Moreover,IL-4 and IL-10 promoted progesterone production by culturedluteal cells, especially in the luteal cell culture derivedfrom corpora lutea of early pregnancy. These findings indicatethat PBMC stimulate progesterone production by luteal cellsand suggest the involvement of PBMC in corpus luteum functionand differentiation probably via the Th-2-type lymphocytes.     

CA 125 concentrations in ovarian 'chocolate' cyst fluid can differentiate an endometriotic cyst from a cystic corpus luteum.

In a prospective study, the concentrations of CA 125, 17 beta-oestradiol and progesterone were assayed in 52 consecutive ovarian cysts, laparoscopically suspected to be endometriomas. Cysts with dark brown 'chocolate' fluid (n = 42) were excised by CO2-laser endoscopy. Cysts with clear fluid were diagnosed by pathology as follicular cysts (n = 5) or pseudoperitoneal cysts (n = 5). Fluids (n = 53) aspirated during echo-guided puncture for in-vitro fertilization (IVF) were assayed simultaneously. Of the 42 women undergoing a cystectomy, the clinical diagnosis of an endometrioma was confirmed by pathology in only 68%, the other cases being corpora lutea (27%) or follicular cysts (5%). Cyst fluids from corpora lutea had lower CA 125 concentrations (< 1000 IU/ml) together with high 17 beta-oestradiol concentrations (> 2000 pg/ml) and/or high progesterone concentrations (> 100 ng/ml). Endometriotic cysts had either very high CA 125 concentrations (> 10,000 IU/ml) as occurred in 78% or lower CA 125 concentrations (< 1000 IU/ml) together with low 17 beta-oestradiol and/or progesterone concentrations. 'Chocolate' fluid-containing cysts aspirated during IVF had similar concentration profiles of CA 125, 17 beta-oestradiol and progesterone and the diagnoses derived from these concentrations were not contradicted in 19/27 women undergoing a laparoscopy within 4 months. In eight women, however, with high CA 125 concentrations in their cyst fluid, no endometriotic cysts were found at laparoscopy. Only 68% of cysts containing 'chocolate' material were endometriotic cysts and CA 125 could be useful in making this diagnosis. This method is recommended when dark brown fluid is aspirated in IVF.     

Thymus Ontogeny in Frogs: T-Cell Renewal at Metamorphosis

Metamorphosis in amphibians presents a unique problem for the developing immune system. Because tadpoles are free-living, they need an immune system to protect against potential pathogens. However, at metamorphosis, they acquire a variety of new adultspecific molecules to which the tadpole immune system must become tolerant. We hypothesized that Xenopus laevis tadpoles may avoid potentially destructive antiself responses by largely discarding the larval immune system at metamorphosis and acquiring a new one. By implanting triploid (3N) thymuses into diploid (2N) hosts, we examined the influx and expansion of host T-cell precursors in the donor thymus of normally metamorphosing and metamorphosis-inhibited frogs. We observed that donor thymocytes are replaced by host-derived cells during metamorphosis, but inhibition of metamorphosis does not prevent this exchange of cells. The implanted thymuses export T cells to the spleen. This donor-derived pool of cells declines after metamorphosis in normally developing frogs but is retained to a greater extent if metamorphosis is inhibited. These studies confirm previous observations of a metamorphosis-associated wave of expansion of T cells and demonstrate that it is not dependent on the relatively high concentrations of thyroid hormones required for metamorphosis. Although some larval T cells persist through metamorphosis, others may be destroyed or the larval population is significantly diluted by the expanding adult population.     

The effect of varying impact energy on diffuse axonal injury in the rat brain: a preliminary study

Diffuse axonal injury (DAI) is seen as widespread damage in the white matter of brain characterized by morphological changes to axons throughout the brain and brain stem. The current study attempted to investigate the effect of increasing impact energy on the presence and severity of DAI in corpus callosum (CC). DAI was induced in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats using an injury model adapted from Marmarou et al. in 1994. A 450-g cylindrical brass weight was dropped from three different heights (2.0 m, 1.5 m and 1.0 m) on to a metal helmet affixed to the skull of the rats. In the sham group, rats underwent a surgical procedure with no impact. After a 24-h survival period the animals were transcardially perfused. The brain was removed and the cerebral hemispheres were sectioned with a vibrotome and stained by silver impregnation technique. The CC of all the impacted rats showed DAI in the form of beaded axons, retraction balls and vacuole-like enlargements. The axonal injury was most severe in the 2-m group, while mildest in the 1-m group. In the sham group, axons appeared to be normal. This study demonstrates evidence of graded DAI depending on the impact energy. Such data is useful for mathematical modeling of axonal injury in rat brain using the same impact parameters and potential determination of injury thresholds for neural trauma. Electronic Publication     

Isolation of a polymorphic CA repeat sequence at the human progesterone receptor (PGR) locus

We isolated a polymorphic dinucleotide (CA) repeat sequence from a genomic clone containing the human progesterone receptor (PGR) gene. This polymorphism will be a useful marker in the genetic study of disorders affecting female endocrine systems, such as progesterone resistance and breast, uterine, and ovarian cancers. Received: July 27, 1998 / Accepted: July 29, 1998     

重症SIRS患者的正常甲状腺病态综合征

目的：探索全身炎症反应综合征（SIRS）患者的正常甲状腺病态综合征（ESS）的发生规律。 方法： 测定50例SIRS病人的总三碘甲状腺原氨酸（TT3）、总四碘甲状腺原氨酸（TT4）、游离三碘甲状腺原氨酸（FT3）、游离四碘甲状腺原氨酸（FT4）、促甲状腺素（TSH），并根据是否多脏器功能障碍综合征（MODS）分组。计算急性生理和慢性健康评估Ⅱ（APACHEⅡ）评分，记录病人转归以及从发病到检测的时间（患病时间）。 结果： TT3或FT3降低的45例。TT3与APACHEⅡ评分呈对数负相关（r＝－0.330，P<0.05）,TT3/TT4与患病时间呈对数负相关（r=－0.316, P<0.05）。MODS组的TT3、TT4、FT3水平显著低于无MODS组（P<0.05）。 结论： SIRS和MODS病人发生低T3、低T4可能性大，反映炎症反应对甲状腺轴的影响，随着病情加重、患病时间延长，影响进一步深化。