2008-2011年产气肠杆菌的临床分布及耐药性分析

目的 分析产气肠杆菌临床分布特点及对常用抗菌药物的耐药性变化,以更好地指导临床的合理使用抗菌药物.方法 采用WHONET5软件统计分析2008年1月-2011年12月临床分离的产气肠杆菌临床分布和耐药率.结果 4年内共分离到产气肠杆菌459株,其中2008-2011年分别检出108、101、130、120株；病原菌主要来源于住院患者的痰液213株占46.4％、胆汁70株占15.3％、血液51株占11.1％、尿液50株占10.9％;4年耐药监测显示,亚胺培南和美罗培南的耐药率在2.0％～7.9％,呈明显的逐年上升趋势；头孢类抗菌药物除头孢唑林耐药率较高约90.0％外,其他如头孢替坦、头孢曲松、头孢他啶、头孢吡肟等耐药率由最高的55.5％下降至最低28.5％,氨苄西林/舒巴坦、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦等复合制剂耐药率也由最高70.2％下降至最低21.1％,同时阿米卡星、庆大霉素等氨基糖苷类等药物的耐药率亦呈下降趋势,最高30.4％,最低为0,对喹诺酮类的耐药率约30.0％,保持相对稳定.结论 4年产气肠杆菌对头孢菌类、氨基糖苷类、复合制剂等药物的耐药率有所降低,而碳青霉烯类药物的耐药率呈上升趋势,说明细菌耐药性存在动态的变化,及时对细菌耐药性进行分析,依据药敏结果合理选用抗菌药物,严格掌握适应证,可减少或延缓耐药菌株的播散.     

肠道病毒71型和柯萨奇病毒A组致手足口病临床特点分析

目的探讨肠道病毒71型(EV71)和柯萨奇病毒A组16型(CA16)所致的手足口病在临床特征方面有无差异及对手足口病患儿的护理经验。方法回顾性分析我院感染科2010年6—9月收治的105例手足口病患儿的临床资料及预后。结果两组患儿呕吐、易惊或肢体抖动、抽搐、肺炎的发生率比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01)。两组神经源性肺水肿和呼吸衰竭的发生率比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。两组患儿最高体温、收缩压、舒张压及平静时最快心率、呼吸率的水平比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论对于手足口病患儿,应根据所感染病原体不同,加强临床观察,早期识别危重病例,及时进行有效的治疗和护理。     

Missing Data in Noninferiority Trials

Missing data in clinical trials has been widely discussed in the literature, but issues specific to missing data in noninferiority trials have rarely been addressed. The goal of this article is to present missing data issues that are particularly important in noninferiority trials. Issues of assay sensitivity and the constancy assumption are affected by missing data. Importantly, these issues are not solved by per protocol analyses which remove patient data based on postrandomization criteria. We advocate collecting data to the extent possible for sensitivity analyses. We discuss some other issues that remain unresolved in assessing the impact of missing data in noninferiority trials. A simulation analysis of different strategies for assessing noninferiority in the presence of missing data is reported for a clinical trial comparing two treatments. Single imputation procedures and observed case analyses resulted in reduced power due to missing data and occasionally in inflation in Type I error rate or bias in estimates of treatment effect. The mixed-effect model repeated measures approach resulted in a method that controlled the Type I error rate when data are missing at random, and often with higher power than the other two methods. Further work on multiple imputation procedures is desired.     

磁疗开穴、按摩治疗乳腺增生70例临床观察

目的：观察磁疗法对乳腺增生的临床疗效。方法：招募70例乳腺增生患者，以子午流注开穴选择当日当时穴位磁疗，再结合乳房局部和循经磁疗按摩治疗，最后涌泉穴磁疗，30d为1个疗程，观察3个疗程后的临床疗效。结果：治疗后，乳腺增生患者疼痛、增生硬度、范围、直径及伴随症状得到显著改善。结论：磁疗对乳腺增生患者疗效明显，值得推广。     

钬激光膀胱肿瘤消融术治疗非肌层浸润性膀胱癌的临床观察

目的探讨钬激光膀胱肿瘤消融术（HLABT）治疗非肌层浸润性膀胱癌（NMIBC）的临床疗效。方法将128例NMIBC患者随机分为A组（65例）和B组（63例）;A组患者给予HLABT联合膀胱灌注化疗,B组患者给予经尿道电切联合膀胱灌注化疗;对比两组患者术中及术后情况。结果 A组患者导尿管留置时间和住院天数明显低于B组患者,差异具有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;A组患者并发症发生率为9.2%（6/65）,B组患者并发症发生率为22.2%（14/63）,A组明显低于B组,差异具有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论 HLABT联合术后膀胱灌注化疗治疗NMIBC,较传统经尿道电切更为安全有效。     

鼻咽癌患者放疗后真菌感染的危险因素分析及预防对策

目的 探讨鼻咽癌患者放疗后真菌感染的危险因素,并提出对应的策略,以降低感染率.方法 选取2009年11月-2012年11月在医院治疗的360例鼻咽癌放疗后患者临床资料进行回顾性分析,对存在有真菌感染的各项危险因素进行分析.结果 高龄(＞60岁)、有多种并发症(≥2种)、有皮肤或黏膜溃烂、使用免疫抑制剂、口腔黏膜溃烂、住院时间长(＞50 d)是真菌感染的危险因素,而真菌感染与性别无关；360例患者中使用抗菌药物有300例,使用时间长(≥35 d)、使用种类多(＞3种)、使用头孢类抗菌药物的真菌感染率最高(49.4％)；真菌感染以白色假丝酵母菌最多,热带假丝酵母菌其次.结论 真菌感染除了患者和治疗等危险因素之外,抗菌药物的不合理应用是其高危险因素,加强真菌感染的危险因素的控制如抗菌药物的合理应用、加强无菌操作和营养支持等是降低感染的重要措施.     

糖尿病诊断指标糖化血红蛋白的检测方法及临床意义

糖尿病目前已被国际社会列为人类健康头号杀手的非传染性疾病。血糖的检测在糖尿病的诊断、治疗及预防急性和慢性并发症中尤为重要。糖化血红蛋白（glycatedhemoglobin Alc，HbAlc）是反映既往2～3个月平均血糖水平的指标，用于评估长期血糖控制状况。目前HbAlc检测已经被推荐作为糖尿病诊断试验。现对HbAlC的检测方法及其临床意义作一综述。     

Feasibility,acceptability, and effectiveness of a decision aid versus an informational website to promote clinical trial decision-making among cancer patients: A pilot randomized controlled trial

ObjectiveTo assess intervention feasibility and acceptability, and compare the effectiveness of the CHOICES Decision Aid (DA) versus the National Cancer Institute (NCI) Cancer Clinical Trials (CCT) website to improve knowledge about CCTs and preparedness to make an informed decision.MethodsOncology patients (n = 101) with a scheduled clinic visit were enrolled and randomized. Decision-making variables were collected at two timepoints. Post-intervention scores were examined via paired t-tests and multivariate regression analyses. Predictors of the magnitudes of the change in scores were examined in multivariable regression analyses.ResultsThe interventions were feasible to implement and acceptable to participants. Both interventions increased objective and subjective knowledge, improved clarity of opinions, and reduced decisional conflict (p-values < 0.01). Improvements in the belief that one could find out about CCTs were observed in the CHOICES DA arm (p < 0.001). Multivariable analyses controlling for educational attainment showed no significant differences in the magnitude of change in outcome variables between intervention arms, but did find that improvements in some variables in the NCI arm – but not CHOICES DA arm – were associated with previous educational attainment.ConclusionsInterventions were feasible to implement and acceptable. Improvements in knowledge and decision-making outcomes were observed in both arms, supporting the view that interventions to improve CCT decision making are effective and feasible. Our results suggest that the CHOICES DA may be more effective than an informational website in improving decision-making outcomes regardless of participants’ educational attainment.Practice implicationsCCT resources should support informed decision-making among all cancer survivors, regardless of educational attainment.