注射用头孢西丁钠与维生素B_6注射液的配伍稳定性考察

目的:考察注射用头孢西丁钠与维生素B6注射液在5%葡萄糖注射液、0.9%氯化钠注射液中的配伍稳定性。方法:在25℃下,将注射用头孢西丁钠与维生素B6注射液配伍后,于6h内采用高效液相色谱法测定其含量变化,并观察和检测配伍液的外观及pH值变化。结果:配伍液外观、pH值无明显变化,头孢西丁钠与维生素B6在2种注射液中的含量在6h内亦无明显变化。结论:注射用头孢西丁钠与维生素B6注射液在0.9%氯化钠注射液、5%葡萄糖注射液中在6h内可配伍使用。     

耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌检测方法的比较

目的 对耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)的检测方法进行比较.方法 分别用mecA基因PCR扩增法、PBP2a胶乳凝集试验法、头孢西丁纸片扩散法和苯唑西林纸片扩散法对临床分离的135株金黄色葡萄球菌进行榆测.结果 mecA基因PCR扩增法显示阳性79株,阴性56株;PBP2a胶乳凝集试验法的敏感性和特异性分别为96.2%和100.0%;头孢西丁纸片扩散法的敏感性和特异性分别为94.9%和96.4%;苯唑西林纸片扩散法的敏感性和特异性分别为94.9%和62.5%.结论 PBP2a胶乳凝集试验法和头抱西丁纸片扩散法与mecA基因PCR扩增法的检测结果高度一致;苯唑西林纸片扩散法特异性低,不再适用于MRSA的检测.     

Comparative clinical pharmacology of intravenous cefoxitin and cephalothin

Summary Intravenous doses of 0.5, 1, and 2 g cephalothin and cefoxitin, a semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic highly resistant to bacterial cephalosporinase, were infused over a period of 3 minutes into 18 normal adult males by a randomized, crossover design. Serum and urine data on cefoxitin best fit a two-compartment open model. Serum concentrations following cefoxitin were higher and more prolonged and urine recoveries higher than those following equal doses of cephalothin. The terminal serum half-life of cefoxitin was longer at all dose levels. Renal clearance of cephalothin-like activity exceeded that of cefoxitin, which may possess dose-dependent kinetics. Whereas cephalothin has been reported to metabolize by >35% to the less active desacetyl form, cefoxitin was metabolized by 0.1 to 6% to the descarbamyl form in individual subjects.     

头孢西丁纸片评价耐甲氧西林葡萄球菌的探讨

目的 评价头孢西丁纸片法检测耐甲氧西林葡萄球菌（MRS）的特异性和灵敏度。方法 收集临床分离金黄色葡萄球菌100株、凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌（CoNS）52株，分别进行头孢西丁纸片法、添加4oANaCl的头孢西丁纸片法、添加2％NaCl的苯唑西林纸片法以及苯唑西林-盐琼脂法检测，以苯唑西林-盐琼脂法作为MRS检测标准，按CLSI2006版标准判读结果。结果 头孢西丁纸片、添加4oANaCl的头孢西丁纸片、添加2oANaCl的苯唑西林纸片检测MRS特异性均达100．0％；对于金黄色葡萄球菌3种纸片法的灵敏度分别为82．7％、79．3％、72．4％；对于凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌，3种纸片法的灵敏度分别为97．9％、95．8oA、95．8％。加盐与不加盐头孢西丁纸片法检测MRS的差异无显著性（P〉0．06），耐药株抑菌圈直径（mm）分别为10．68士6．42、13．36士7．37（P〈0．01）。结论 加盐与不加盐头孢西丁纸片法均能可靠检测MRS，前者对耐药株结果更易判读。     

头孢西丁纸片筛选产AmpC酶革兰阴性杆菌

目的评价头孢西丁纸片筛选产AmpC酶革兰阴性杆菌的可靠性。方法头孢西丁纸片抑菌圈直径<18mm为可疑产AmpC酶株,采用头孢西丁三维试验作为确证实验。结果头孢西丁纸片检测的57株产AmpC酶株中,有27株为非产酶株假阳性率为49.1%(27/57)。阴沟肠杆菌、大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌的假阳性分别为60%(15/25)、33.3%(6/18)和50%(7/14)。有1株产AmpC酶肺炎克雷伯菌漏检。结论头孢西丁纸片筛选产AmpC酶阴沟肠杆菌和肺炎克雷伯菌特异性差,检测大肠埃希菌产AmpC酶株尚可。     

头孢西丁纸片法筛选产AmpC酶的不动杆菌

目的评价头孢西丁（FOX）纸片筛选法检测不动杆菌产头孢菌素β-内酰胺酶（AmpC酶）的可靠性。方法FOX纸片抑菌圈直径〈18mm为可疑产AmpC酶菌株，聚合酶链反应（PCR）扩增ampC基因阳性者为确证产AmpC酶。结果130株不动杆菌中，7株菌FOX筛选阴性，经PCR扩增ampC基因为阴性，证实其不产AmpC酶。123株不动杆菌FOX筛选阳性，其中ampC基因阳性者38株。FOX纸片筛选不动杆菌产AmpC酶的假阳性率为92．4％，不存在假阴性。结论FOX纸片筛选法检测产AmpC酶不动杆菌的特异性较差。     

Evaluation of the CLSI cefoxitin 30-µg disk-diffusion method for detecting methicillin resistance in staphylococci

Methicillin susceptibility of 415 staphylococcal isolates from Chinese hospitals was assessed using the CLSI disk-diffusion method with a cefoxitin 30-microg disk in comparison with an oxacillin 1-microg disk. PCR-based detection of mecA was the reference standard. The cefoxitin 30-microg disk performed with almost the same high level of accuracy as the oxacillin 1-microg disk in detecting methicillin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. For coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS), the sensitivity of the cefoxitin 30-microg disk was 90.5%, compared with 83.4% for the oxacillin 1-microg disk. Confirmatory testing of isolates with borderline susceptibility and revision of the cefoxitin breakpoint are proposed in order to categorise CoNS more accurately.     

凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌菌种鉴定与苯唑西林耐药凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌检测准确性

目的 评价凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(CNS)菌种鉴定与苯唑西林耐药凝固酶阴件葡萄球菌(MRCNS)检测的准确性.方法 139株临床分离CNS,经ID 32 STAPH鉴定到种,用头孢西丁(FOX)、苯唑西林(OXA)纸片扩散法检测MRCNS,以Slidex MRSA detection乳胶凝集法检测青霉素结合蛋白2a(PBP2a)作为参考方法.结果 139株CNS鉴定为8个种,依次为溶血葡萄球菌、表皮葡萄球菌、人葡萄球菌、木糖葡萄球菌、腐生葡萄球菌、耳葡萄球菌、模仿葡萄球菌、沃氏葡萄球菌.FOX纸片法总的敏感度和特异度为99.0%和86.0%;OXA纸片法总的敏感度和特异度为91.7%和74.4%.影响FOX纸片法敏感度的菌种为1株表皮葡萄球菌;影响其特异度的菌种包括木糖葡萄球菌、沃氏葡萄球菌、腐生葡萄球菌;而影响OXA纸片法敏感度的菌种包括溶血葡萄球菌、人葡萄球菌、模仿葡萄球菌、耳葡萄球菌;影响其特异度的菌种包括人葡萄球菌、模仿葡萄球菌、木糖葡萄球菌、耳葡萄球菌、腐生葡萄球菌、沃氏葡萄球菌.结论 FOX纸片法检测MRCNS准确性因菌种不同有所差异,尤其应关注木糖葡萄球菌、沃氏葡萄球菌、腐生葡萄球菌的影响.建议检测MRCNS时,尽可能将CNS鉴定到种,视菌种必要时用PBP2a或mecA基因予以确认.     

两种检测耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌的K-B法应用评价

目的评价两种分别使用MH琼脂(头孢西丁)和高盐琼脂(苯唑西林)纸片扩散法检测耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌的临床应用价值。方法用头孢西丁纸片在MH琼脂平板上进行纸片扩散法(K-B法)检测临床分离的89株耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌,并与苯唑西林纸片扩散法(K-B法)、mecA基因检测进行比较。结果在MH琼脂使用头孢西丁纸片检测MRSA优于高盐琼脂苯唑西林纸片扩散法,并与PCR检测mecA基因的方法高度一致。结论头孢西丁纸片扩散法是筛选和确认耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)一种简单、可靠的实验方法。     

EUCAST disc diffusion criteria for the detection of mecA-Mediated β-lactam resistance in Staphylococcus pseudintermedius: oxacillin versus cefoxitin

ObjectivesUntil recently, the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) recommended the cefoxitin disc to screen for mecA-mediated β-lactam resistance in Staphylococcus pseudintermedius. A recent study indicated that cefoxitin was inferior to oxacillin in this respect. We have re-evaluated cefoxitin and oxacillin discs for screening for methicillin resistance in S. pseudintermedius.MethodsWe included 224 animal and human S. pseudintermedius isolates from Europe (n = 108) and North America (n = 116), of which 109 were mecA-positive. Disc diffusion was performed per EUCAST recommendations using 30-μg cefoxitin and 1-μg oxacillin discs from three manufacturers and Mueller–Hinton agar from two manufacturers.ResultsCefoxitin inhibition zones ranged from 6 to 33 mm for mecA-positive S. pseudintermedius (MRSP) and from 29 to 41 mm for mecA-negative S. pseudintermedius (MSSP). The corresponding oxacillin zone intervals were 6–20 mm and 19–30 mm. For cefoxitin 16% (95% CI 14.8–18.0%) of the isolates were in the area where positive and negative results overlapped. For oxacillin the corresponding number was 2% (1.6–2.9%). For oxacillin a breakpoint of susceptible (S) ≥ 20 mm and resistant (R) <20 mm resulted in only 0.4% and 1.1% very major error and major error rates respectively.ConclusionsThis investigation confirms that the 1-μg oxacillin disc predicts mecA-mediated methicillin resistance in S. pseudintermedius better than the 30-μg cefoxitin disc. For a 1-μg oxacillin disc we propose that 20 mm should be used as cut off for resistance, i.e. isolates with a zone diameter <20 mm are resistant to all β-lactam antibiotics except those with activity against methicillin-resistant staphylococci.