石墨炉原子吸收法直接测定茶饮料中铅

目的:应用石墨炉原子吸收炉内直接消化测定茶饮料中铅含量。方法:样品经稀释后直接进样测定。结果:茶饮料中铅的加标回收率为96.7%～103.8%,相对标准偏差在0.78%～3.39%之间。结论:使用本方法检测茶饮料中铅,操作简单,结果准确,有较强的实用性。     

In vivo effects of two acidic soft drinks on shear bond strength of metal orthodontic brackets with and without resin infiltration treatment

Objectives:To evaluate the in vivo effects of two acidic soft drinks (Coca-Cola and Sprite) on the shear bond strength of metal orthodontic brackets with and without resin infiltration treatment. In addition, the enamel surface was evaluated, after debonding, using a scanning electron microscope.Materials and Methods:Sixty noncarious maxillary premolars, scheduled for extraction in 30 orthodontic patients, were used. Patients were randomly divided into two groups according to the soft drink tested (Coca-Cola or Sprite). In each group, application of resin infiltration (Icon. DMG, Hamburg, Germany) was done on one side only before bonding of brackets. Patients were told to rinse their mouth with their respective soft drink at room temperature for 5minutes, three times a day for 3months. Shear bond strength was tested with a universal testing machine. After shearing test, a scanning electron microscope was used to evaluate enamel erosion. Statistical analysis was performed by twoway analysis of variance followed by the least significant difference test.Results:The Coca-Cola group without resin infiltration showed the lowest resistance to shearing forces. Scanning electron micrographs of both groups after resin application showed a significant improvement compared with results without resin use, as the enamel appeared smoother and less erosive.Conclusion:Pretreatment with the infiltrating resin has proved to result in a significant improvement in shear bond strength, regardless of the type of soft drink consumed.     

Association between reported screening and counseling about energy drinks and energy drink intake among U.S. adolescents

Objective

Possible adverse health consequences of excessive energy drink (ED) consumption have led to recommendations by the American Academy of Pediatrics discouraging ED intake by youth. However, limited information on ED counseling by health care providers exists.

Methods

Data was obtained from the 2011 YouthStyles Survey administered to youth aged 12–17 (n = 815). The outcome variable was ED consumption (none vs. ≥1 time/week) and exposure variables were screening and counseling about ED (if doctor/nurse asked about ED consumption and if doctor/nurse recommended against ED consumption).

Results

Approximately 8.5% of youth consumed energy drinks weekly, 11.5% reported being asked by their doctor/nurse about frequency of ED consumption, and 11.1% were advised by their doctor/nurse against ED intake. Multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed that the odds for drinking ED ≥1 time/week was significantly higher in youth who were asked how often they drank ED by their doctor/nurse (odds ratio = 2.46) vs. those who were not asked.

Conclusion

About 1 in 9 youth reported receiving counseling discouraging ED consumption from their doctor/nurse, and a greater proportion of youth who were screened about ED also reported ED consumption.

Practice implications

Efforts by health care providers to educate youth about potential harms of consuming ED are needed.     

Color and luminescence stability of selected dental materials in vitro

Purpose: To study luminescence, reflectance, and color stability of dental composites and ceramics. Materials and Methods: IPS e.max, IPS Classic, Gradia, and Sinfony materials were tested, both unpolished (as‐cast) and polished specimens. Coffee, tea, red wine, and distilled water (control) were used as staining drinks. Disk‐shaped specimens were soaked in the staining drinks for up to 5 days. Color was measured by a colorimeter. Fluorescence was recorded using a spectrofluorometer, in the front‐face geometry. Time‐resolved fluorescence spectra were recorded using a laser nanosecond spectrofluorometer. Results: The exposure of the examined dental materials to staining drinks caused changes in color of the composites and ceramics, with the polished specimens exhibiting significantly lower color changes as compared to unpolished specimens. Composites exhibited lower color stability as compared to ceramic materials. Water also caused perceptible color changes in most materials. The materials tested demonstrated significantly different initial luminescence intensities. Upon exposure to staining drinks, luminescence became weaker by up to 40%, dependent on the drink and the material. Time‐resolved luminescence spectra exhibited some red shift of the emission band at longer times, with the lifetimes in the range of tens of nanoseconds. Conclusions: Unpolished specimens with a more developed surface have lower color stability. Specimens stored in water develop some changes in their visual appearance. The presently proposed methods are effective in evaluating the luminescence of dental materials. Luminescence needs to be tested in addition to color, as the two characteristics are uncorrelated. It is important to further improve the color and luminescence stability of dental materials.     

某碳酸饮料公司职业卫生状况调查

目的检测与分析某碳酸饮料公司职业危害因素,从源头控制或消除职业病危害,保护劳动者健康。方法本项目采用职业卫生现场调查法和职业卫生检测法等进行综合分析及定性和定量评价。对检测项目中职业病危害因素的危害特征、作业工人接触的有效时间进行综合分析,判定工人接触职业危害的实际程度。结果本项目存在的职业病危害因素化学物质有盐酸、氯、二氧化碳、乙二醇、氨、臭氧、氮氧化物和锰及其无机化合物,粉尘有硅藻土粉尘、活性炭粉尘和电焊烟尘,物理因素为噪声和紫外辐射。检测结果表明,作业人员接触职业病危害因素的职业接触限值均低于国家卫生标准,如作业人员接触高毒物品氨CTWA〈0.952 mg/m3、二氧化氮CTWA为0.12mg/m3;作业人员工作日内接触噪声强度符合国家卫生标准的要求。结论综合各方面分析,在确保各类防护设施有效运行、全面落实控制职业病危害的补救措施的前提下,本项目在职业病危害控制方面是可行的。     

Assessment of beverage consumption by young adults in Saudi Arabia

ObjectiveThe primary objective was to assess beverage consumption pattern and calorie intake among undergraduate students on weekly and daily basis. Secondary objectives were to determine the relationship between demographic variables and beverage intake, assess mean differences in calorie intake between students’ groups and, report the predictors of beverage consumption.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted for 3 months (January–March 2019) among currently enrolled undergraduate students studying in 8 colleges of a public sector university in Dammam, Saudi Arabia. The study used the Arabic version of Beverage Frequency Questionnaire (BFQ) and collected data through purposive stratified sampling. Total intake in ml and calories in kcals were calculated. Data was analyzed through SPSS version 23 and the study was approved from ethics committee of the university (IRB‐2019‐05‐021).ResultsA total of 507 students responded to the survey. The average volume of sugar sweetened beverages (SSBs), caffeine containing beverage (CCBs) and carbonated beverages (CarBs) consumed was 4.2 L, 4 L and 1.5 L per week and 650.6 ml, 575.2 ml and 224.6 ml per day, respectively. Average daily calorie intake from SSBs, CCBs and CarBs was 187.6 kcals, 87.6 kcals and 52.5 kcals, respectively. Body mass index (BMI) was significantly related to CCB (ρ = 0.130) and CarBs (ρ = 0.100) intake (mL) (p < 0.05). Mean difference in calorie intake was mostly significant (p < 0.05) when accounted for students’ demographics, gender, BMI, residence, illness and, examination time, in case of SSBs, CCBs, CarBs and, all beverages. Averge % contribution towards total daily energy expenditure (TDEE) for SSBs, CCBs and CarBs were 10.2%, 6.3% and 2.8%, respectively. Year of study, BMI, residence and illness were predictors of SSBs consumption while BMI, residence and examination time were predictors of CCBs consumption. Gender and BMI were predictors of CarBs intake.ConclusionThere was a high consumption of beverages in students that was related to their demographic characteristics. There is a need to create awareness among the students regarding the detrimental effects of chronic consumption of these beverages.     

少年运动员在热环境运动补充不同含钠量饮料的生理反应

报道了青少年运动员在热环境下进行间歇性运动、补充不同含钠量（０ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ、１８ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ、３９ｊｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ、５９ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ）饮料的多项生理指标反应。结果表明：补充含钠量为１８－５９ｍｍｏＬ／Ｌ的饮料优于无钠饮料。补充无钠饮料时，随运动时间延长，血浆渗透压和血浆钠浓度显著下降；补充含钠量为１８ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ或３９ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ饮料时，运动后收缩血压升高幅度小、恢复快，血浆钠水平和血浆渗透压相对稳定。从血压、体温增加值、体热蓄积、出汗量、血浆渗透压、血浆钠水平、血容量以及饮料的口感等指标综合评定，含钠量为１８ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ和３９ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ的饮料被认为最佳。     

马鞍山市1997～2001年冷冻饮品卫生监测结果分析

目的　了解GB2 75 9.1- 1996执行以来本市市售冷冻饮品卫生质量 ,为今后卫生监督管理提供科学依据。方法　对本市 1997～ 2 0 0 1年市售冷冻饮品监测资料进行统计分析。结果　 5年共检测样品 36 3份 ,合格率 6 3.1% ;冰淇淋类的合格率与冰棍类和雪糕类的有显著差异 ;监测指标中 ,大肠菌群合格率最低 ,铅合格率列倒数第二位 ;来源于大型批发商、小型批发商和零售单位的样品监测合格率分别为 5 4 .9%、70 .6 %和 85 .5 % ;标识齐全与标识不符合要求的样品监测合格率有显著性差异。结论　微生物污染仍是冷冻饮品主要卫生问题 ,对铅污染也不能忽视 ;生产企业应改善工艺条件 ,重视自身管理 ;卫生监督部门要加强监管 ,尤其对农村地区更要关注 ;建议对标准中冷饮品分类进行修订