载地塞米松中空碳羟基磷灰石微球的合成与体外释放研究

目的 制备碳羟基磷灰石中空微球,构建地塞米松药物缓释系统,为其作为活髓保存剂应用于临床提供实验数据。方法 以甘氨酸（Gly）和十二烷基磺酸钠（SDS）组成的"核-壳"式复合物为模板,合成碳羟基磷灰石中空微球。利用场发射扫描电镜（FESEM）、高分辨透射电子显微镜（HRTEM）、X射线衍射仪（XRD）、氮气吸附脱附分析（BET）分别对其形貌、物相、比表面积及孔径进行表征分析。通过与无Gly组对比,探讨中空微球的形成机理。将地塞米松载入碳羟基磷灰石中空微球构成体外缓释系统,计算载药率、包封率和药物体外缓释时间。结果 成功制备直径为2~4 μm针状中空碳羟基磷灰石微球,该微球具有良好的载药性（载药率12.1%~34.8%）和体外药物缓释性能,缓慢释放达30天,几乎无突释现象。结论 合成的碳羟基磷灰石中空微球类似骨和牙齿的无机物主要组成成分,载药率和包封率均较高,微球中药物缓慢释放接近线性。     

The incursion of ‘Big Food’ in middle-income countries: a qualitative documentary case study analysis of the soft drinks industry in China and India

Public health research is only just beginning to explore the myriad ways in which the food and beverage industry, or ‘Big Food’, has sought to influence policy and increase consumption of energy-dense products high in sugar, salt, and fat in middle-income countries. In particular, very little research has focused on Asia-Pacific markets, including China and India. This article uses the soft drink sector as a case study, and focuses on The Coca-Cola Company – the largest soft drinks company in both China and India. Documentary data from company reports, news articles, industry analyst reports, and industry magazines are analyzed to explore how the company successfully re-entered these markets following liberalization of their economies, and how it subsequently sought to influence government and key organizations in order to increase consumption and challenge public health policy. Applying a framework previously used in an analysis of Big Food in high income countries like the United States, I find that Coca-Cola has used the same strategies in China and India. Findings reveal that Coca-Cola lobbied US Government officials (in order to influence international issues); made political contributions; participated in a ‘revolving door’ between government and industry; funded professional organizations; and generally lobbied to resist regulation or urge weak regulation. The findings of this study could help to inform public health debates about Big Food in other emerging markets, including the Middle East and Africa.     

Production of ultra-fine bioresorbable carbonated hydroxyapatite

Ionic-substituted hydroxyapatite (HAp) based materials may be a better choice than pure HAp owing to their similarity in chemical composition with biological apatite. The present study reports a process for the production of carbonated hydroxyapatite (CHAp) using microwaves. The CHAp was evaluated for its phase purity, chemical homogeneity, functionality, morphology, and solubility. The CHAp thus obtained was compared with a pure HAp and a biological apatite, which provides quite an interesting insight into the carbonate substitution. The in vitro ionic dissolution rates determined under physiological conditions clearly demonstrate the soluble nature of CHAp compared to HAp. The overall results indicate that the processed CHAp has increased resorption relative to pure HAp and has a chemical composition corresponding to some extent with that of biological apatite.     

Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopic investigation of the maturation of nonstoichiometric apatites in mineralized tissues: a horse dentin study

Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopy (FTIRM) was used to study carbonated apatite/collagen interactions and maturation in horse secondary dentin. Unlike human dentin, this model contains no peritubular material around the odontoblastic processes and is thus quite similar to bone in composition, but not subject to tissue turnover. Crystals close to the mineralization front were very immature, showing high HPO₄ and very low CO₃ levels. Carbonate ions were located essentially in very labile, reactive environments, probably on the crystal surface. Removal of some of the HPO₄ ions from crystals during maturation was linked to an increase in total carbonate content. The CO₃ ions in labile environments decreased, probably after incorporation into more organized regions of the lattice. However, this increase of total carbonate content was associated with greater mineral crystallinity, confirming findings in other studies of synthetic apatite maturation in vitro. The good correlation between these results and those of in vitro experiments suggests that crystal maturation is essentially due to physicochemical processes and that the organic matrix controls only crystal size, multiplication, and/or organization.     

Association of Soft Drink Consumption,Eating Behaviour and Dietary Factors on Body Composition among South Indian Adolescents

Intake of soft drinks is linked to non-communicable diseases. The study aims to examine the association of soft drink consumption, eating behaviour and dietary factors on body composition of college students. Consumption of soft drinks may be a key contributor to the epidemic of overweight and obesity, by virtue of these beverages＇ high added sugar content, low satiety, and incomplete compensation for total energy. Five hundred subjects （250 boys and 250 girls） aged 17 - 23 years studying in colleges in Chennai, India were selected. Data pertaining to demographic profile, soft drink consumption pattern and dietary habits were elicited using a questionnaire. Anthropometric measurements and nutrient intake was assessed in a sub sample of 100 subjects. Results indicate that higher percent of female consumers （60%） prefer non-caffeinated soft drinks, while male consumers （54%） prefer eaffeinated soft drinks. About 10 percent of consumers compensate meals with soft drinks. A significant association was found between soft drink consumption and appetite （P〈0.01）. Soft drink consumers had a significantly higher intake of macronutrients, while non-consumers had a higher intake of calcium and vitamin A （P〈0.0 1）. Consumers had significantly higher anthropometric measurements and indices compared to non-consumers （P〈0.01 ）. Preferences to soft drinks, accessibility, peer pressure, unhealthy dietary practices significantly increased soft drink consumption, macronutrient intake and reduced micronutrient intake leading to higher mean weight, BMI, waist circumference and percent body fat. Healthy dietary and life style practices should be encouraged among adolescents to alleviate the risk of non-communicable diseases.     

Soft drinks, childhood overweight, and the role of nutrition educators: let's base our solutions on reality and sound science

The percentage of overweight children in the United States and other countries has now reached epidemic proportions. Both physical activity and food intake contribute to the energy equation, but research increasingly points to physical inactivity as the primary culprit in weight gain. Singling out and restricting specific foods and beverages are unlikely to be effective in reducing the prevalence of overweight children. Nutrition educators need to emphasize overall lifestyle, including physical activity, as well as caloric intake, in childhood overweight intervention efforts. Long-lasting solutions to the obesity epidemic must be comprehensive and must include all of the key stakeholders: children, parents, schools, health professionals, businesses, and community leaders and organizations. Nutrition educators can play a key role in developing wide-ranging and diverse coalitions, including food and beverage companies, designed to affect social change aimed at achieving healthy weight for children.     

Does the provision of cooled filtered water in secondary school cafeterias increase water drinking and decrease the purchase of soft drinks?

BACKGROUND: Secondary school students often do not drink sufficient quantities of water during the school day to prevent dehydration, promote learning and good health. The study aimed to measure the effect of health promotion and the free provision of cooled filtered water on the consumption of water and soft drinks. It also aimed to explore students' views of drinking water provision. METHODS: A study was conducted with three secondary schools in North Tyneside. Over a 3 month period one school was given cooled filtered water and active promotion (W + P), another had water only (W). The control school (C) took part in post-intervention focus group work. RESULTS: The average volume of water drunk by students, in school 'W + P' was greater (P = 0.05) than that drunk in school 'W' and control school 'C'. The volume of soft drinks purchased by students in all three schools before and during the intervention remained static. Focus group data revealed that students viewed their existing water provision as poor and wanted sufficient supplies of cooled filtered water in school. CONCLUSIONS: This pilot study indicates that active promotion of water drinking increased consumption of water by secondary school students. Further developments of the project are suggested.     

HPLC法测定碳酸饮料中日落黄含量的不确定度分析

目的对HPLC法测定碳酸饮料中日落黄含量的不确定度分析评估，以给出测定结果的不确定度。方法依据JJF1059-1999《测量不确定度评定与表示》原理与方法，利用相关的数学模型对实验过程的不确定度因素进行分析，计算不确定度各分量，合成不确定度。结果测量重复性引起的不确定度为3．89％，取样引起的不确定度为0．025％，标准品引起的不确定度为0．58％，体积引起的不确定度为0．30％，标准曲线（线性回归）引起的不确定度为0．21％，饮料中日落黄含量的扩展不确定度为3．95％（包含因子K=2）。结论从不确定度各分量计算结果可见，影响HPLc法测定碳酸饮料中日落黄的不确定度主要因素是测量重复性。     

The epidemic of obesity and changes in food intake: the Fluoride Hypothesis

The epidemic of obesity is worldwide. It will be followed by an epidemic of diabetes. Although there is a genetic basis for obesity and diabetes, the current epidemic reflects the failure of our ancient genes to cope with a modern toxic environment. To put it another way, the genetic background loads the gun, but the environment pulls the trigger. Diet, lifestyle and exercise are the cornerstones of current approaches to treating obesity. However, these approaches that depend on individuals making lifestyle changes have been ineffective in preventing the epidemic. An alternative model views obesity as an epidemiological disease with food(s) and other environmental agents acting on the host to produce disease. The consumption patterns for many foods have changed over the past 30 years, but the increase in the consumption of high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS) for soft drinks is far and away the largest. Moreover, the rise in HFCS intake is an environmental insult that has occurred at exactly the same time as obesity began to increase in prevalence. Rising soft drink consumption is associated with a decrease in milk consumption and a decrease in calcium intake, which has an inverse relationship to body mass index (BMI). To combat the epidemic of obesity, we need new strategies that flow from the epidemiological model. The Fluoride Hypothesis for obesity proposes that we can make environmental changes that when made, will reduce the epidemic of obesity, in much the same way as fluoride reduced the incidence of dental disease. Fluoride-like strategies can work without the personal effort required by changes in lifestyle. In this context, fluoride is also an acronym for treatment and prevention of obesity: For Lowering Universal Obesity Rates are Implement ideas that Don't demand Effort (FLUORIDE).