Clostridium difficile PCR ribotypes in calves, Canada

We investigated Clostridium difficile in calves and the similarity between bovine and human C. difficile PCR ribotypes by conducting a case-control study of calves from 102 dairy farms in Canada. Fecal samples from 144 calves with diarrhea and 134 control calves were cultured for C. difficile and tested with an ELISA for C. difficile toxins A and B. C. difficile was isolated from 31 of 278 calves: 11 (7.6%) of 144 with diarrhea and 20 (14.9%) of 134 controls (p = 0.009). Toxins were detected in calf feces from 58 (56.8%) of 102 farms, 57 (39.6%) of 144 calves with diarrhea, and 28 (20.9%) of 134 controls (p = 0.0002). PCR ribotyping of 31 isolates showed 8 distinct patterns; 7 have been identified in humans, 2 of which have been associated with outbreaks of severe disease (PCR types 017 and 027). C. difficile may be associated with calf diarrhea, and cattle may be reservoirs of C. difficile for humans.     

猪、小牛与人颈椎的生物力学比较

目的 比较猪、小牛与人颈椎功能节段的生物力学,确定猪与小牛颈椎是否适合在脊柱体外研究中替代人的脊柱标本。方法取12具1岁龄,60~80 kg猪龄颈椎（颈0-胸1）,12具1周龄,40~50 kg小牛的颈椎（颈0-胸1）。12具标本分成两组,一组6具被分成C2-C3,C4-C5,C6-C7;另一组被分成C3-C4,C5-C6。每个功能节段（C2-C3,C3-C4,C4-C5,C5-C6,C6-C7）分别测试。连续测试前屈后伸、旋转、侧弯上的活动范围和中性区,并同已发表的人体颈椎活动度进行比较。结果中性区：在旋转和前屈后伸方向上,小牛和人颈椎的中性区比较相近,但远大于猪颈椎的中性区;在左右侧弯方向上,猪C2-C3为人的中性区69.7％,猪C6-C7约为人的中性区60.4％,余节段均相差较大;小牛颈椎与人颈椎在C2-C3上十分相近,余节段也相差较大。活动范围：在前屈后伸和左右侧屈上,猪与人颈椎的活动十分相近,均远小于小牛颈椎的活动度,约为其的50％;在旋转方向上,猪C2-C3约为人的69％,余节段均小于人颈椎;小牛颈椎远大于人颈椎,最相近的为C4-C5上,相差3.5°。结论猪的C2-C3,C6-C7的生物力学可以替代人颈椎进行各种方向生物力学实验;小牛颈椎的活动度普遍大于人,小牛C2-C3,C3-C4的生物力学同人比较相似。     

小牛血去蛋白提取物联合甲钴胺超声雾化对LASIK术后角膜神经修复的影响

目的:探讨小牛血去蛋白提取物联合甲钴胺超声雾化对LASIK术后角膜神经修复的影响。方法:将本院行LASIK术的78例(146眼)患者随机分为对照组和观察组,均给予小牛血去蛋白提取物治疗,仅观察组加用甲钴胺超声雾化治疗;观察两组的术前,术后1周、1和6个月的角膜指标(中央知觉、神经纤维密度和内皮计数),一般指标(视力、泪膜破裂时间、基础泪液分泌和前房房水的闪光)和泪液中的生化指标水平[肿瘤坏死因子(TNF-α)、白细胞介素2(IL-2)和神经生长因子(NGF)]及用药期间的不良反应。结果:观察组术后1周的闪光、TNF-α、IL-2和NGF均优于对照组;术后1个月中央知觉、神经纤维密度、视力、泪膜破裂时间、闪光和NGF均优于对照组;术后3个月的中央知觉、神经纤维密度、泪膜破裂时间、基础泪液分泌和闪光均优于对照组,以上均有统计学差异。两组的不良反应率较低,且无统计学差异。结论:小牛血去蛋白提取物联合甲钴胺超声雾化可促进LASIK术后的神经修复,尤其是术后远期的效果较好,同时还可促进视力恢复和泪膜稳定性,可能与降低炎症反应并促进NGF分泌有关。     

减少小牛血去蛋白提取物注射液加药时泡沫的方法

目的:探讨减少小牛血去蛋白提取物注射液加药时泡沫的有效方法。方法:选择输注小牛血去蛋白提取物注射液的患者348例,随机分为试验组与对照组,每组174例。对照组采用传统加药法,试验组采用倒瓶加药法。观察两组加药产生泡沫及加药后排气成功率情况。结果:与对照组比较,试验组加药泡沫产生率明显降低,一次性排气成功率明显提高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:倒瓶加药法能显著降低小牛血去蛋白提取物注射液加药泡沫的产生及明显提高排气成功率。     

彩色多普勒超声在下肢肌间静脉血栓中的诊断价值研究

目的探讨彩色多普勒超声诊断下肢肌间静脉血栓的临床价值。方法108例疑似下肢肌间静脉血栓患者,均进行彩色多普勒超声检查。以后期手术及静脉造影结果作为金标准,观察彩色多普勒超声检查的诊断效能及对不同时期血栓的诊断结果。结果108例疑似患者经后期手术或静脉造影确诊下肢肌间静脉血栓80例,彩色多普勒超声确诊78例患者,误诊6例,其中静脉炎3例,静脉瓣膜2例,其他1例,漏诊2例,彩色多普勒超声检查的敏感度为97.5%、特异度为78.6%、准确度为92.6%。80例确诊患者中急性期血栓56例,陈旧性血栓24例,无法判断0例;彩色多普勒超声检查结果中急性期血栓47例,陈旧性血栓24例,无法判断7例,彩色多普勒超声对于陈旧性血栓的诊断准确率为100.0%(24/24),高于急性期血栓的83.9%(47/56),差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论彩色多普勒超声对于下肢肌间静脉血栓的诊断效果良好,可明确观察血栓位置及形态,为临床治疗提供依据,并且超声检查经济无创,可作为下肢肌间静脉血栓诊断的首选检查方式。     

Characteristics of an extended internal fixation system for polysegmental transpedicular reduction and stabilization of the thoracic, lumbar, and lumbosacral spine

The Kluger internal fixator, with its artificial fulcrum outside the operative site, had to be extended for multisegmental use. Three different prototypes, called Central Bar (CB), Double Bar I (DB I) and Double Bar II (DB II) were designed, which were fully compatible with the existing reduction system. To evaluate the ability of these newly developed systems to provide primary stability in a destabilized spine, their stiffness characteristics and stabilizing effects were investigated in multidirectional biomechanical stability tests and compared with those of the clinically well-known Cotrel-Dubousset (CD) system. The investigations were performed on a spine tester using freshly prepared calf spines. The model tested was that of an intact straight spine followed by a defined three-column lesion simulating the most destabilizing type of injury. Pure moments of up to 7.5 Nm were continuously applied to the top of each specimen in flexion/extension, left/right axial rotation, and left/right lateral bending. Segmental motion was measured using a three-dimensional goniometric linkage system. Range of motion and stiffness within the neutral zone were calculated from obtained load-displacement curves. The DB II attained 112.5% (P = 0.26) of the absolute stiffness of the CD system in flexion and enhanced its stability in extension by up to 144.3% (P = 0.004). In axial rotation of the completely destabilized spine, this system achieved 183.3% of the stiffness of the CD system (P < 0.001), and in lateral bending no motion was measured in the most injured specimens stabilized by the DB II. The DB I, which was the first to be designed and was considered to provide high biomechanical stability, did not attain the stiffness standard set by the CD system in either flexion/extension or axial rotation of the most injured spine. The study confirms that it is worthwhile to evaluate in vitro the biomechanical properties of a newly developed implant before its use in patients, in order to refine weak construction points and help to reduce device-related complications and to better evaluate its efficacy in stabilizing the spine. Received: 15 August 1998 Revised: 31 July 1998 Accepted: 27 October 1998     

牛和羊实验感染牛囊尾蚴的观察与分析

为比较牛和羊对牛囊尾蚴（Ｃｙｓｔｉｃｅｒｃｕｓ ｂｏｖｉｓ）的易感性,用一定量的六钩蚴接种于牛、羊两种动物１３０天后屠宰,观察囊尾蚴发育状况。结果为小牛感染成功,囊尾蚴感染最为严重的部位是心肌、咬肌和舌肌,其次为膈肌和肋间肌,其它的部位感染较轻;绵羊未感染囊尾蚴。实验表明,牛为牛囊尾蚴的易感动物,囊尾蚴发育良好,结构完整,羊则未受囊尾蚴的感染。     

DNA-Binding Interaction Studies of Microwave Assisted Synthesized Sulfonamide Substituted 8-Hydroxyquinoline Derivatives

Sulfonamide substituted 8-hydroxyquinoline derivatives were prepared using a microwave synthesizer. The interaction of sulfonamide substituted 8-hydroxyquinoline derivatives and their transition metal complexes with Plasmid (pUC 19) DNA and Calf Thymus DNA were investigated by UV spectroscopic studies and gel electrophoresis measurements. The interaction between ligand/metal complexes and DNA was carried out by increasing the concentration of DNA from 0 to 12 μl in UV spectroscopic study, while the concentration of DNA in gel electrophoresis remained constant at 10 μl. These studies supported the fact that, the complex binds to DNA by intercalation via ligand into the base pairs of DNA. The relative binding efficacy of the complexes to DNA was much higher than the binding efficacy of ligands, especially the complex of Cu-AHQMBSH had the highest binding ability to DNA. The mobility of the bands decreased as the concentration of the complex was increased, indicating that there was increase in the interaction between the metal ion and DNA. Complexes of AHQMBSH were excellent for DNA binding as compared to HQMABS.     

Comparison of arm and calf automatic noninvasive blood pressures in pediatric intensive care patients

The purpose of this study was to compare upper arm and calf automatic blood pressures (BPs) in a convenience sample of 221 children, ages 1 to 8 years, admitted to a pediatric intensive care unit of a 180-bed teaching hospital in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States. Subjects were positioned in bed, with the head of bed elevated 30° and extremities resting on the bed. BP cuff size was based on arm and calf circumferences. BPs were measured simultaneously using bedside and portable Spacelabs monitors. Calf BPs were greater than arm BPs in approximately 73% of the sample. Paired t tests show statistically significant differences for systolic BPs and mean arterial pressures. Influence of demographics, agitation levels, medical diagnoses, and current medications was explored. Calf and arm BPs were not interchangeable in acutely ill children, ages 1 to 8 years.     

后纵韧带生物力学测试评价胸腰段脊柱前路减压后的稳定性

目的：通过生物力学测试评价胸腰段脊柱后纵韧带在椎管前方减压自体髂骨植骨 Kaneda内固定术中的作用。方法：采用7具新鲜小牛胸腰段脊柱标本,模拟临床手术行L1椎体切除椎管前方减压自体髂骨植骨 Kaneda内固定术,在脊柱三维运动实验机上进行非破坏性生物力学测试。结果：在该术式中局部切除后纵韧带使胸腰椎的稳定性在旋转、轴压、前屈、后伸、侧弯各运动状态下降,其中以前屈时最为明显,差异有统计学意义（p<0.05）。结论：在胸腰段脊柱椎管前方减压术中局部切除后纵韧带将使术后脊柱稳定性在前屈状态时下降,不利于提高脊柱的融合率。因此应尽可能保留正常的后纵韧带。