L’exploration axillaire : un standard du bilan préthérapeutique<br/>Axillary Evaluation: a Standard in Pretreatment Staging

Axillary evaluation is a major step in the initial staging of breast cancer. Ultrasound guided biopsy is currently recommended in first-line. MRI and 18FDG PET/CT are useful in axillary lymph node evaluation. Imaging sensitivities and specificities are globally identical and their combination allows obtaining the best performances. Currently, sentinel node technique is essential in case of T1-T2 N0 mammary tumors and in case of suspected lymph node adenopathy with negative cytopuncture or microbiopsy.


Résumé
L’exploration préthérapeutique axillaire est une étape majeure du bilan initial du cancer du sein. L’échographie associée à un prélèvement est actuellement recommandée en première intention. L’IRM et la TEP/TDM au 18FDG sont utiles dans l’évaluation ganglionnaire axillaire. Les sensibilités et spécificités des examens d’imagerie sont globalement identiques, et leur combinaison permet d’obtenir les meilleures performances. Actuellement, la technique du ganglion sentinelle est indispensable en cas de tumeurs mammaires T1-T2 N0 et en cas d’adénopathie suspecte échographiquement avec cytoponction ou microbiopsie négative.     

TNM classification and the need for revision of pN3a breast cancer

BackgroundAccording to the seventh edition of tumour-node-metastasis (TNM) classification, pN3a status in breast cancer patients consists of presence of an infraclavicular lymph node metastasis (LNM) and/or presence of ≥10 axillary LNMs. The aim of this study was to determine whether prognosis of pN3a based on at least an infraclavicular LNM differs from ≥10 axillary LNMs.MethodsData were obtained from the Netherlands Cancer Registry. All patients were diagnosed between 2005 and 2008 with primary invasive epithelial breast cancer and pN2a or pN3a status as pathologic result. Patients with pN3a were subdivided in pN3a based on at least an infraclavicular LNM or ≥10 axillary LNMs. Disease-free survival (DFS) included any local, regional or contralateral recurrence, distant metastasis or death within 5 years. Kaplan–Meier curves provided information on 5-year DFS and 8-year overall survival (OS). In addition, Cox proportional hazards model was used to measure the effect of relevant clinicopathological variables on DFS and OS.ResultsA total of 3400 patients with pN2a and 1788 patients with pN3a were included. In 83 patients, pN3a was based on at least an infraclavicular LNM (4.6%) and in 1705 patients because of ≥10 axillary LNMs (95.4%). After multivariable analyses, DFS and OS were inferior in patients with pN3a based on ≥10 axillary LNMs compared to infraclavicular LNM (DFS 48.8% versus 63.8%, hazard ratio [HR] 1.59, p = 0.036; OS 46.6% versus 63.9%, HR 1.46, p = 0.042). Furthermore, pN2a and pN3a based on infraclavicular LNM had comparable DFS and OS.ConclusionPN3a status based on an at least an infraclavicular LNM is rare, yet its prognosis is superior to ≥10 axillary LNMs. Reclassification of infraclavicular LNM in the next TNM should therefore be considered into pN2a.     

人腋窝毛乳头细胞的分离与培养

【摘要】 目的 探讨高效快速分离培养人腋窝毛乳头细胞的方法。方法 收集2015年10月至2016年5月陆军军医大学第一附属医院皮肤科腋臭术后含毛皮肤标本,分别用改良二步酶消化法、一步酶消化法和显微解剖法分离腋窝毛乳头,比较3种方法操作过程差异以及毛乳头分离效率、贴壁率、细胞迁出时间、总操作时间、实际操作时间的差异,并鉴定培养的腋窝毛乳头细胞。结果 与一步酶消化法和显微解剖法相比,改良二步酶消化法操作更简单,分离效率可达30%以上,1周后毛乳头贴壁率高达96%,细胞迁出时间缩短3 ~ 4 d,总耗时长于一步酶消化法和显微解剖法,但实际操作时间短于一步酶消化法和显微解剖法,且污染率低于显微解剖法。培养的腋窝毛乳头细胞早期可呈凝集性生长,6代以后的细胞呈非凝集性生长。免疫荧光结果示腋窝毛乳头细胞层黏连蛋白和Ⅳ型胶原阳性。结论 改良二步酶消化法是一种简单﹑高效﹑快速分离人腋窝毛乳头细胞的方法,少量标本即可培养出腋窝毛乳头细胞。     

The safety and efficiency of the ultrasound-guided large needle core biopsy of axilla lymph nodes

PURPOSE: To evaluate the safety and efficiency of the Ultrasound (US)-guided large needle core biopsy of axilla lymph nodes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From March 2004 to September 2005, 31 patients underwent the US-guided core biopsy for axilla lymph nodes. Twenty five lesions out of 31 were detected during breast US, and 6 of 31 cases were palpable. Lymph nodes were classified based on their shape and cortical morphology. The core biopsy of axilla lymph nodes was performed on suspicious lymph nodes found during breast ultrasonography to find out whether the patients had a history of breast cancer or not. Among the 31 patients, 16 patients were associated with breast cancer. The lesion sizes varied from 0.6 cm to 3.3 cm (mean=1.59+/-0.76 cm). US-guided core biopsies were performed with 14 G needles with an automated biopsy gun. Total 3 or 5 specimens were obtained. RESULTS: Among the 31 cases of axilla lymph nodes core biopsies, 11 cases showed malignant pathology. Seven out of 11 cases were metastatic lymph nodes from breast cancer; 2 cases were from primary unknown and 2 cases from lymphomas. On the other hand, 20 histopathologic results of axilla lesions were benign: subacute necrotizing lymphadenitis (n=2), dermatopathic lymphadenitis (n=1), reactive hyperplasia (n=10) and free of carcinoma (n=7). CONCLUSION: The US-guided large needle core biopsy of axilla lesions is safe and effective for the pathological evaluation. The core biopsy is believed to be easy to perform if suspicious lymph nodes or mass lesions are found in the axilla.     

A case of severe scoliosis associated with cerebral palsy showing remarkable improvement following soft tissue release around the hip and axilla and transfer of M. tensor fasciae latae to the ribs

Summary A 21 year old Japanese male of normal intelligence with severe athetosis, scoliosis with pelvic obliquity, and a positive Galant's reflex was seen with complaint of difficulty in maintaining a sitting posture. After release of the soft tissues around the hip and axilla, followed by physiotherapy, he underwent ipsilateral transfer of the tensor fasciae latae to the rib cage. Six years after the final operation there has been remarkable improvement of his scoliosis and pelvic obliquity but also diminution of Galant's reflex. In addition his daily activities have been improved by the muscle transferred. He can sit for more than one hour.

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Résumé Observation d'un jeune japonais, âgé de 21 ans, d'intelligence normale mais présentant une sévère athétose, une scoliose avec bassin oblique et un réflexe de Galant positif. Le malade se plaignait de ne pouvoir facilement se maintenir en position assise. Après libération des parties molles péri-articulaires à la hanche et à l'épaule, suivie de physiothérapie, il a subi une transposition du tenseur du fascia-lata sur le gril costal homolatéral. Six ans après la dernière opération la scoliose a été remarquablement améliorée, ainsi que l'obliquité du bassin. Il existe également une diminution du réflexe de Galant. Enfin son activité journalière a été facilitée par la transposition tendineuse et il peut rester assis plus d'une heure.

     

超声引导细针抽吸活检结合洗脱液细胞角蛋白19片段抗原21-1检测诊断乳腺癌腋窝淋巴结转移

目的探讨高频超声引导下细针抽吸活检(FNA)细胞学检查结合细针抽吸洗脱液细胞角蛋白19片段抗原21-1(CYFRA 21-1)检测诊断乳腺癌腋窝淋巴结(ALN)转移的价值。方法选择148例拟接受手术、术前接受ALN超声检查的乳腺癌患者,共对156个可疑ALN行FNA细胞学检查;同时以1ml生理盐水冲洗穿刺针针管制成洗脱液,采用化学发光免疫法测定FNA洗脱液内细胞角蛋白19片段抗原21-1(FNA-CYFRA 21-1)浓度。对可疑ALN均做好体表标记,术中予以切除,术后送病理学检查。绘制ROC曲线,计算FNA-CYFRA 21-1浓度最佳诊断临界值,比较FNA细胞学、FNA-CYFRA 21-1及两者联合对诊断可疑ALN转移的效能。结果 156个可疑ALN,术后病理学确诊81个ALN转移(ALN转移组),75个未转移(ALN未转移组)。ALN转移组FNA-CYFRA 21-1浓度明显高于ALN未转移组(P=0.001),FNA-CYFRA 21-1诊断ALN转移的最佳诊断临界值为2.95ng/ml,AUC为0.921[95%CI(0.877,0.966)]。FNA-CYFRA 21-1与FNA比较,诊断ALN转移的敏感度和阴性预测值差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);两者联合与FNA比较,诊断ALN转移的敏感度、阴性预测值和准确率差异均有统计学意义(P均0.05)。8个ALN FNA细胞学检查呈假阴性,结合FNA-CYFRA 21-1检测后获得正确诊断。结论 FNA细胞学检查与FNA-CYFRA 21-1检测是诊断乳腺癌ALN转移的有效手段,二者联合可显著提高诊断敏感度和准确率。     

Comprehensive Axillary Evaluation in Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy Patients With Ultrasonography and Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy

Background There is ongoing debate regarding the optimal sequence of sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy and neoadjuvant chemotherapy (CTX) for breast cancer. We report the accuracy of comprehensive pre–neoadjuvant CTX and post–neoadjuvant CTX axillary staging via ultrasound imaging, fine-needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy, and SLN biopsy.Methods From 2001 to 2004, 91 neoadjuvant CTX patients at the University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center underwent axillary staging by ultrasonography, ultrasound-guided FNA biopsy, SLN biopsy, or a combination of these.Results Axillary staging was pathologically negative by pre–neoadjuvant CTX SLN biopsy in 53 cases (58%); these patients had no further axillary surgery. In 38 cases (42%), axillary metastases were confirmed at presentation by either ultrasound-guided FNA or SLN biopsy. These 38 patients underwent completion axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) after delivery of neoadjuvant CTX. Follow-up lymphatic mapping was attempted in 33 of these cases, and the SLN was identified in 32 (identification rate, 97%). One third of these cases were completely node negative on ALND. Residual metastatic disease was identified in 22 cases, and the SLN was falsely negative in 1 (4.5%).Conclusions Patients receiving neoadjuvant CTX can have accurate axillary nodal staging by ultrasound-guided FNA or SLN biopsy. In cases of documented axillary metastasis at presentation, repeat axillary staging with SLN biopsy can document the post–neoadjuvant CTX nodal status. This strategy optimizes pre–neoadjuvant CTX and post–neoadjuvant CTX staging information by distinguishing the patients who are node negative at presentation from those who have been downstaged to node negativity and offers the potential for avoiding unnecessary ALNDs in both of these patient subsets.Published by Springer Science+Business Media, Inc. © 2005 The Society of Surgical Oncology, Inc.     

Factors associated with involvement of four or more axillary nodes for sentinel lymph node-positive patients

PURPOSE: Sentinel lymph node-positive (SLN+) patients who are unlikely to have 4 or more involved axillary nodes might be treated with less extensive regional nodal radiation. The purpose of this study was to define possible predictors of having 4 or more involved axillary nodes. METHODS AND MATERIALS: The records of 224 patients with breast cancer and 1 to 3 involved SLNs, who underwent completion axillary dissection without neoadjuvant chemotherapy or hormonal therapy were reviewed. Factors associated with the presence of 4 or more involved axillary nodes (SLNs plus non-SLNs) were evaluated by Pearson chi-square test of association and by simple and multiple logistic-regression analysis. RESULTS: Of 224 patients, 42 had involvement of 4 or more axillary nodes. On univariate analysis, the presence of 4 or more involved axillary nodes was positively associated with increased tumor size, lobular histology, lymphovascular space invasion (LVSI), increased number of involved SLNs, decreased number of uninvolved SLNs, and increased size of SLN metastasis. On multivariate analysis, the presence of 4 or more involved axillary nodes was associated with LVSI, increased number of involved SLNs, increased size of SLN metastasis, and lobular histology. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with 1 or more involved SLN, LVSI, or SLN macrometastasis should be treated to the supraclavicular fossa/axillary apex if they do not undergo completion axillary dissection. Other SLN+ patients might be adequately treated with less extensive radiation fields.     

Axillary Management in Breast Cancer Patients: A Comprehensive Review of the Key Trials

Optimal regional management in breast cancer patients has yet to be established. In patients who are clinically node-negative, but sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB)-positive, the treatment paradigm has shifted toward the de-escalation of further axillary management. In patients with 2 or fewer positive sentinel nodes, the standard of practice has shifted away from complete axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) as a result of the ACOSOG Z0011 trial. The role of regional nodal irradiation (RNI) to the axilla, supraclavicular and internal mammary regions has also been investigated in the setting of positive SLNB in trials such as the MA20 and EORTC 22922. Having shown evidence of benefit in locoregional control, efforts are now focused on comparing ALND with RNI in patients with limited nodal disease. Results of early trials such as AMAROS suggest noninferiority of radiotherapy. In patients with node-positive or locally advanced disease, neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) is often used to downsize or downstage the disease. The utility of SLNB after NAC has been investigated, with discordant results reported from a number of trials. Current trials in progress seek to validate the noninferiority of RNI compared with ALND in patients with limited nodal disease, or in some trials, the complete omission of further axillary management. There is a global paradigm shift toward de-escalation of axillary management on the basis of recent evidence suggesting lack of benefit from overaggressive treatment. In this review we aim to summarize the seminal trials addressing regional management in breast cancer to illustrate this fact.