小儿智力糖浆质量标准提高研究

目的对小儿智力糖浆的质量标准进行提高完善。方法采用薄层色谱法对石菖蒲、龟甲进行定性鉴别;采用高效液相色谱法测定远志皂苷元的含量,色谱柱为 Waters Symmetry ShieldTM RP18(250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm);以乙腈 -0.05%磷酸溶液(41 ∶59)为流动相;流速为 1.0 mL/min,检测波长为 210 nm,柱温为 35 ℃;进样量为 10 μL。结果薄层色谱中斑点清晰,阴性对照无干扰;远志皂苷元在 0.006 03～0.120 60 g/L内线性关系良好( r=0.999 9),平均加样回收率为 89.7%(RSD=3.1%,n=6)。结论该研究建立的鉴别和含量测定方法为小儿智力糖浆质量标准提高完善提供了科学依据。     

石菖蒲挥发油吸嗅早期干预对PTSD模型大鼠行为学的影响及其机制研究

目的 观察石菖蒲挥发油吸嗅早期干预经嗅觉通路对创伤后应激障碍(Post traumatic stress disor-der,PTSD)模型大鼠行为学的影响,并探索其海马GR基因相关机制.方法 采用单一延长应激造模方法建立PTSD大鼠模型,将大鼠随机分为对照组、模型组、嗅神经切断+模型组、模型+石菖蒲吸嗅组、嗅神经切断...     

Anticonvulsant and Sedative Effects of Eudesmin isolated from Acorus tatarinowii on mice and rats

This paper was designed to investigate anticonvulsant and sedative effects of eudesmin isolated from Acorus tatarinowii. The eudesmin (5, 10, and 20 mg/kg) was administered intraperitoneally (i.p.). The maximal electroshock test (MES) and pentylenetertrazole (PTZ)‐induced seizures in male mice were used to evaluate anticonvulsant activities of eudesmin, and sedative effects of eudesmin were evaluated by pentobarbital sodium‐induced sleeping time (PST) and locomotor activity in mice. Finally, the mechanisms of eudesmin were investigated by determining contents of glutamic acid (Glu) and gamma‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) in epileptic mice, and expressions of glutamate decarboxylase 65 (GAD65), GABA_A, Bcl‐2, and caspase‐3 in the brain of chronic epileptic rats. Results of MES and PTZ tests revealed that eudesmin possesses significant anticonvulsant effects, and the PST and locomotor activity tests demonstrated that eudesmin has significant sedative effects. Furthermore, our study revealed that after treatment with eudesmin, GABA contents increased, whereas Glu contents decreased, and ratio of Glu/GABA decreased. Our results also indicated that expressions of GAD65, GABAA, and Bcl‐2 were up‐regulated by treating with eudesmin, whereas the caspase‐3 obviously was down‐regulated. In conclusion, eudesmin has significant anticonvulsant and sedative effects, and the mechanism of eudesmin may be related to up‐regulation of GABA_A and GAD65 expressions, and anti‐apoptosis of neuron the in brain. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

水菖蒲化学成分研究进展

水菖蒲Acorus calamus为我国传统中药,具有开窍,化痰,健胃,益智等功效。其化学成分研究近几年一直备受国内外学者的关注。作者在前人综述的基础上,通过查阅国内外水菖蒲化学成分近10年的文献报道,对水菖蒲化学成分相关文献进行整理、分析和归纳,系统的综述了水菖蒲中近10年来分离鉴定出的化学成分。研究表明,水菖蒲中化学成分类别较多,包括萜类,苯丙素类,黄酮类,甾类及生物碱类等活性成分,其中以单萜及倍半萜成分居多,且研究部位多集中于水菖蒲的挥发油上。本文对水菖蒲近10年的化学成分进行了系统的综述,旨在为水菖蒲化学成分进一步研究提供参考。     

石菖蒲挥发油对锂-匹罗卡品诱发癫痫大鼠c-fos表达的影响

目的探讨石菖蒲挥发油对锂-匹罗卡品（毛果芸香碱）致痫大鼠癫痫发作时间及其脑内c-fos表达的影响。方法选择Wistar大鼠96只,随机分为六组,正常对照组（6只）,模型组（18只）,丙戊酸钠预处理组（18只）,石菖蒲预处理低、中、高剂量组（各18只）。观察石菖蒲挥发油对锂-匹罗卡品致痫大鼠发作时间的影响。以锂-匹罗卡品诱导制作癫痫动物模型,应用免疫组化方法观察石菖蒲挥发油对其脑内c-fos表达的影响。结果石菖蒲低、中、高剂量组大鼠首次抽搐发作时间（SB）和第1次达到Ⅴ级发作时间（RFSⅤS）较模型组明显延长,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05）,锂-匹罗卡品致痫大鼠脑内c-fos表达水平明显增强,丙戊酸钠预处理组、石菖蒲预处理高剂量组大鼠海马部位c-fos阳性细胞较模型组及石菖蒲预处理低、中剂量组明显减少,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论该研究方法快速、简便、准确、重现性好,石菖蒲挥发油能缓解锂-匹罗卡品所致的癫痫发作,其作用机制可能与降低脑内c-fos基因表达水平有关。     

石菖蒲挥发油改善氯化锂-匹鲁卡品致痫大鼠行为学的抗氧化机制探讨

目的：探讨石菖蒲挥发油对氯化锂-匹鲁卡品致痫大鼠行为学改善的抗氧化机制。方法将成年雄性SD大鼠66只随机分为对照组（6只）、癫痫组（30只）、石菖蒲挥发油组（30只）,后两组采用氯化锂-匹鲁卡品法建立癫痫动物模型;观察各组行为学变化。癫痫模型大鼠在致痫后4、24、48 h断头取脑,检测海马组织中丙二醛（MDA）、一氧化氮（NO）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）的含量。结果（1）行为学：癫痫组与石菖蒲挥发油组首达4级发作时间潜伏期比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。（2）生化指标改变：癫痫组较石菖蒲挥发油组MDA、NO含量明显升高、SOD含量明显下降,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05）,癫痫组和石菖蒲挥发油组的自由基变化与对照组比较,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论石菖蒲挥发油能改善氯化锂-匹鲁卡品致痫大鼠的行为,并可能通过抑制MDA、NO含量的增加和SOD的减少,保护海马区神经元损伤。     

Study of Antiepileptic Effect of Extracts from Acorus tatarinowii Schott

Summary:  Purpose: To study the antiepileptic properties of extracts from rhizomes of Acorus tatarinowii Schott (ATS).
Methods: The decoction and volatile oil were extracted from rhizomes of ATS by traditional decocting and supercritical CO₂ fluid extraction (SFE-CO₂) methods. Maximal electroshock (MES), pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) maximal seizure, and prolonged PTZ kindling models were used to test their anticonvulsive properties. The γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) immunohistochemical reaction (IR) was used to study GABAergic neuron changes in the PTZ kindling model and the effects of treatment.
Results: Both decoction (dose; 10–20 g/kg) and volatile oil (1.25 g/kg) of ATS decreased the convulsive rate significantly in the MES model. Decoction of ATS was shown to be effective in the PTZ model with both decreased convulsive and mortality rates. The volatile oil of ATS failed to prevent seizures in the dose range tested, although prolonged seizure latency and decreased mortality were found at a dose of 1.25 g/kg. In the PTZ kindling model, GABA-IR neurons decreased obviously compared with the normal group. In the groups treated with the decoction and volatile oil, the seizure intensity decreased significantly after treatment. Increased GABA-IR neurons also were found when compared with PTZ kindling controls. Morphologic observation also showed that GABA-IR neuron damage was less severe in the drug-treated groups.
Conclusions: Both decoction and volatile oil extracted from the rhizome of Acorus tatarinowii Schott have anticonvulsive effects. The volatile oil is shown to be less effective for PTZ-induced convulsions. Both extracts can prevent convulsions as well as convulsion-related GABAergic neuron damage in the brain in the prolonged PTZ kindling model.     

Anti-inflammatory activity of a water extract of Acorus calamus L. leaves on keratinocyte HaCaT cells

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Acorus calamus L., sweet flag, is a well-known medicinal plant that grows worldwide wildly along swamps, rivers, and lakes.

Aim of the study

The aim of this study was to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of Acorus calamus leaf (ACL) extract and to explore its mechanism of action on human keratinocyte HaCaT cells.

Materials and methods

HaCaT cells treated with polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (polyI:C) and peptidoglycan (PGN) induced the inflammatory reactions. The anti-inflammatory activities of ACL were investigated using RT-PCR, ELISA assay, immunoblotting, and immunofluorescence staining.

Results

HaCaT cells induced the pro-inflammatory cytokines, interleukin-8 (IL-8) and/or interleukin-6 (IL-6) expressions after treatment with polyI:C or PGN. ACL inhibited the expression of IL-8 and IL-6 RNA and protein levels, and attenuated the activation of NF-κB and IRF3 after polyI:C treatment. ACL also inhibited expression of IL-8 and activation of NF-κB following PGN induction.

Conclusions

These results suggest that ACL inhibits the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines through multiple mechanisms and may be a novel and effective anti-inflammatory agent for the treatment of skin diseases.     

石菖蒲不同部位对戊四唑点燃大鼠皮质P-糖蛋白表达的影响

目的研究石菖蒲不同部位对戊四唑点燃癫痫模型大鼠皮质多药耐药基因(MDR)表达产物P-糖蛋白表达强度的影响。方法 SD大鼠80只,腹腔注射戊四唑(PTZ)溶液35mg/kg体质量,隔天1次,共14次。点燃成功的大鼠,分8组,每天灌胃1次,分别给予石菖蒲挥发油50mg/kg体质量、石菖蒲去油水提液高剂量28g/kg体质量、中剂量14g/kg体质量、低剂量7g/kg体质量、β-细辛醚100mg/kg体质量、α-细辛醚70mg/kg体质量,阳性对照组给予丙戊酸钠(VPA)126mg/kg体质量,模型组给予等体积生理盐水。另设正常组5只,正常喂养,不作任何处理。治疗36d后注射同剂量戊四唑点燃测试药效,取大脑皮质制成蜡块,免疫组织化学染色,200倍镜下观察神经元中多药耐药基因表达产物P-糖蛋白的表达强度。结果与正常组及阳性对照组(VPA)比较,石菖蒲去油水提液中、低剂量组大鼠皮质P-糖蛋白(P-gp)表达强度降低(P<0.05),β-细辛醚组大鼠皮质P-糖蛋白表达强度降低(P<0.01);与模型组比较,β-细辛醚组大鼠皮质P-gp表达强度降低(P<0.05);与α-细辛醚组、石菖蒲挥发油组、石菖蒲去挥发油水提液组高剂量组相比,β-细辛醚组P-gp表达强度降低(P<0.05)。结论β-细辛醚和石菖蒲去挥发油水提液中、低剂量组能降低戊四唑点燃大鼠皮质P-gp表达强度,以β-细辛醚作用最强。     

Cerebrovascular protection of β-asarone in Alzheimer's disease rats: A behavioral,cerebral blood flow,biochemical and genic study

Aim of the study

Recent studies have suggested that β-asarone have neuroprotective and cardiovascular protective effects in animal model. However, the influence of β-asarone on cerebrovascular system has not been explored so far. Therefore, present study was designed to determine whether repeated exposures to β-asarone resulted in positive effects on cerebrovascular function in AD rats.

Materials and methods

Alzheimer's disease induced rats was established by injecting both d-galactose (d-gal) and aluminum chloride (AlCl₃) into abdominal cavity for 42 days. After injection of AlCl₃ and d-gal or saline for 28 days, the rats were treated with volume-matched vehicle or β-asarone (25 mg/kg, 50 mg/kg or 100 mg/kg, i.h.) or Nimodipine (40 mg/kg, i.g) once daily for consecutive 14 days, respectively. Behavioral responses of animals were assessed in a Morris water maze. CBF was measured by laser Doppler flowmetry. At the end of this period all rats were sacrificed, lactic acid, pyruvic acid content, Na+K+ATPase activity were determined in brain tissue homogenate to estimate the brain biochemical changes and mRNA expression of ET-1, eNOS and APP was measured with real-time RT-PCR method.

Results

The spatial navigation task latencies, the times through platform zone and the time for the first through platform zone in the target quadrant in probe task, rCBF of right parietal lobe, the contents of lactic acid, pyruvic acid, and the activity of Na–K-ATP of cortex, and ET-1 and eNOS mRNA expression in hippocampus of AG rats were different from those of BG, P<0.05; The level of APP mRNA expression in model control group rats was higher than that in BG, though there was not a statistically significant difference, P>0.05; Compared with AG, HG rats spatial navigation task latencies were shorter, in probe task the times through platform zone in the target quadrant were bigger, rCBF and blood cell concentration of right parietal lobe were higher, the contents of pyruvic acid was lower, the activity of Na–K-ATP was higher, and ET-1 mRNA expression in hippocampus was lower, P<0.05; The level of eNOS and APP mRNA expression in HG rats was lower than that in AG, though there was not a statistically significant difference, P>0.05;

Conclusion

The present results suggested that β-asarone may be useful in memory impairment due to its cerebrovascular protection in AD rats and may develop as a therapeutic drug for treatment of AD patients.