治理医院不正之风规范性措施存在的问题及对策

医院管理重在规范,行风建设亦然。规范性措施是治理医院不正之风措施的重要组成部分,其设计合理与否将影响对医务工作人员行为的指引导向。笔者对现有治理医院不正之风的规范性措施进行了梳理,寻找其中存在的问题,并提出相关对策。     

膝关节置换术前患者及家属关注问题调查

目的了解患者及家属对即将施行的膝关节置换术,术中、术后康复相关诊疗行为等的关注程度。方法对128例即将施行全膝关节置换术的患者及其家属进行术前关注问题的问卷调查。问卷包括61个问题,按关注程度分为1～4级（1=不关心,2=有些关心,3=比较关心,4=非常关心。并对结果进行统计学分析。结果i24例患者对所有项目的平均关注度是3．11。平均关注度最高的5项是：术后能否行走自如（3．78）,手术医生的经验（3．73）,手术是否会失败（3．68）,人工关节使用寿命f3．63）,术后生活能否自理（3．63o家属的平均关注度是3．18。家属最关注的5个项目是：手术医生的经验（3．86）,术后能否行走自如（3．82）,术后疼痛缓解是否理想（3．74）,术后关节是否僵硬（3．72）,出院后是否疼痛（3．72o〈65岁的患者对6个项目（术后能否照看小孩、术后是否可以进行娱乐活动、人工关节使用的寿命、术后能否骑车、术后能否搬抬重物和置换后人工关节周围是否会骨折）的关注度要显著高于≥65岁的患者,老年患者和年轻患者对麻醉意外发生的关注度分别为：3．71、3．38,（P=0．036）;老年患者和年轻患者对麻醉医师的经验的关注度分别为：3．73、3．47,（P=0．040）;老年患者和年轻患者对出院后是否疼痛的关注度为：3．70、3．41,（P=0．048）,麻醉意外、麻醉医师的经验、出院后是否疼痛是老年患者较为关注的3个项目。在所有项目平均关注度上,年龄的差异没有统计学意义（年轻患者和老年患者分别是3．14和3．09,P=0．624o结论中国患者在人工全膝关节置换术（totalkneearthroplasty,TKA）术前最关注的问题是：术后膝功能的恢复,医生的水平和假体的使用。在术前,中国患者的关注度显著高于西方患者。但与国外患者一样,高屈曲也不是中国患者关注的焦点。相比患者本人,患者家属对术后膝功能恢复的关注程度更高。     

Patenting time: a response to Professor Reijo Pera’s argument that the cell cycle of an embryo developing in vitro is not natural

A response to the Commentary ‘More than just a matter of time’ by Renee Reijo Pera.     

Leprosy: review of the epidemiological,clinical, and etiopathogenic aspects - Part 1

Leprosy is caused by Mycobacterium leprae and has been known since biblical times. It is still endemic in many regions of the world and a public health problem in Brazil. The prevalence rate in 2011 reached 1.54 cases per 10,000 inhabitants in Brazil. The mechanism of transmission of leprosy consists of prolonged close contact between susceptible and genetically predisposed individuals and untreated multibacillary patients. Transmission occurs through inhalation of bacilli present in upper airway secretion. The nasal mucosa is the main entry or exit route of M. leprae. The deeper understanding of the structural and biological characteristics of M. leprae, the sequencing of its genome, along with the advances in understanding the mechanisms of host immune response against the bacilli, dependent on genetic susceptibility, have contributed to the understanding of the pathogenesis, variations in the clinical characteristics, and progression of the disease. This article aims to update dermatologist on epidemiological, clinical, and etiopathogenic leprosy aspects.     

Methodology of photic stimulation revisited: updated European algorithm for visual stimulation in the EEG laboratory

Intermittent photic stimulation (IPS) is a common procedure performed in the electroencephalography (EEG) laboratory in children and adults to detect abnormal epileptogenic sensitivity to flickering light (i.e., photosensitivity). In practice, substantial variability in outcome is anecdotally found due to the many different methods used per laboratory and country. We believe that standardization of procedure, based on scientific and clinical data, should permit reproducible identification and quantification of photosensitivity. We hope that the use of our new algorithm will help in standardizing the IPS procedure, which in turn may more clearly identify and assist monitoring of patients with epilepsy and photosensitivity. Our algorithm goes far beyond that published in 1999 (Epilepsia, 1999a, 40, 75; Neurophysiol Clin, 1999b, 29, 318): it has substantially increased content, detailing technical and logistical aspects of IPS testing and the rationale for many of the steps in the IPS procedure. Furthermore, our latest algorithm incorporates the consensus of repeated scientific meetings of European experts in this field over a period of 6 years with feedback from general neurologists and epileptologists to improve its validity and utility. Accordingly, our European group has provided herein updated algorithms for two different levels of methodology: (1) requirements for defining photosensitivity in patients and in family members of known photosensitive patients and (2) requirements for tailored studies in patients with a clear history of visually induced seizures or complaints, and in those already known to be photosensitive.     

肝硬化背景对肝细胞癌超声造影灌注曲线的影响

目的 对肝细胞癌(hepatocellular carcinoma,HCC)进行超声造影灌注曲线,f(t)分析,探讨肝硬化背景对灌注参数的影响.方法 使用Sonoliver软件对115例HCC患者的超声造影动态图像进行脱机分析,其中有肝硬化背景86例,无肝硬化背景29例,获得分析区和参考区的,f(t),对,f(t)参数:峰值强度(maximum of intensity,IMAX)、上升时间(rise time,RT)、达峰时间(time to peak,TTP)、平均渡越时间(mean trasit time,mTT)和始消时间(washout time,WT)进行统计学分析.结果 肝硬化组HCC分析区的IMAX为(124.25±5.56)%,RT为(12.98±0.48)s,TTP为(13.70±0.52)s,mTT为(138.61±9.20)s,RS为10.11±0.60,WT为(34.17±2.91)s.非肝硬化组HCC分析区的上述参数分别为(113.65±5.58)%,(13.68 ±0.92)s,(14.39 ±0.94)s,(149.49±21.70)s,8.89±0.77,(28.36±3.25)s.两组HCC的分析区和参考区灌注参数的差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 HCC的灌注参数可评估肿瘤内的血流灌注,肝硬化背景不影响HCC的,f(t)灌注参数.     

双侧睾丸切除后动脉粥样硬化相关生化指标的变化

目的探讨男性去势手术对动脉粥样硬化相关生化指标的影响.方法对接受双侧睾丸切除手术的30例前列腺癌患者,于术前、术后1周及术后1、4、8个月分别测定血清雄激素、前列腺特异抗原及与动脉粥样硬化有关的血脂、血糖、胰岛素和纤溶酶原激活物抑制剂-1、纤维蛋白肽A等生化指标,并进行分析.结果去势术后1周,血睾酮、游离睾酮、前列腺特异抗原较术前显著降低.术后1个月甘油三酯[(1.8±0.6)mmol/L,t=-2.21,P＜0.05]、空腹胰岛素及血糖、餐后2h胰岛素及血糖开始较术前明显增高,差异有显著意义;而胰岛素敏感指数显著降低(-4.4±0.4,t=3.72,P＜0.01),差异有非常显著意义.术后4个月,总胆固醇[(6.6±1.0)mmol/L,t=3.09]、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇[(4.1±0.9)mmol/L,t=3.57]、纤溶酶原激活物抑制剂-1[(27.02±5.98)μg/L,t=2.33]、纤维蛋白肽A[(3.4±1.7)nmol/L,t=3.27]开始较术前明显增加;均P＜0.05,差异有显著意义.脱氢表雄酮、性激素结合蛋白、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇、载脂蛋白α1及载脂蛋白β、纤维蛋白原手术前后无明显改变.睾酮、游离睾酮与甘油三酯、总胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、纤溶酶原激活物抑制剂-1、纤维蛋白肽A、空腹胰岛素及血糖、餐后2h胰岛素及血糖水平分别呈直线负相关,睾酮、游离睾酮与胰岛素敏感指数呈直线正相关.结论雄激素水平降低对男性发生动脉粥样硬化的危险因素产生影响,从而可能增加动脉粥样硬化的发生率.     

Evaluation of Anthropogenic Substrate Variability Based on Non-Destructive Testing of Ground Anchors

The purpose of this paper is to describe the variability of soil rheological properties based on research carried out using load tests of ground anchors under complex geotechnical conditions. The heterogeneity of soil should always be considered when designing geotechnical constructions. In the present case, the earthwork created at the Warsaw Slope revealed an embankment of anthropogenic origin, located in a geologically and geomorphologically complex area of the Vistula valley slope. Excavation protection was anchored mainly in soils of anthropogenic origin. When the acceptance tests of the ground anchor were completed, the subsoil randomness was confirmed using nondirect, geostatistical methods. A standard solid rheological model with nonlinear fitting to the data was used. This model was established to describe the creeping activity of the ground anchor more accurately. The characteristics of man-made embankments were described using the parameters obtained with the rheological model of the subsoil.     

超声造影定量分析对乳腺良恶性肿瘤血流灌注异质性的评价

目的 探讨乳腺良恶性肿瘤的血流灌注特征.方法 应用实时灰阶超声造影时间-强度曲线定量分析技术检测瘤灶边缘及中心部区域灌注参数及平均灌注参数峰值强度、曲线下面积、达峰时间、廓清时间,光、电镜观察瘤内新生血管显微结构及超微结构改变.结果 恶性组时间-强度曲线形态多数(87.88%,29/33)呈速升缓降型,良性组多数(80.00%,27/34)呈缓升速降型.恶性组平均曲线下面积、廓清时间大于良性组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),平均峰值强度、达峰时间两组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).恶性组病灶边缘各灌注参数与中心区域相比差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),良性组病灶边缘各灌注参数与中心区域相比差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).光镜下恶性组90.91%(30/33)见坏死灶,间质中见弥漫分布粗细不均的新生血管,血管丰富区位于癌巢边缘,异常扩张的大血管和裂隙状的新生血管并存.良性组均未见坏死灶,血管管径和分布均一.电镜下恶性组新生血管内皮细胞超微结构具有不同于正常血管内皮细胞的分裂旺盛的特征,癌灶边缘以扩张、迂曲的大血管为多,癌灶中心常见狭窄、闭塞的幼稚新生血管及固缩、变形的内皮细胞、周细胞.结论 实时超声造影灌注曲线形态、各灌注指标及不同灌注区域灌注指标的差异为乳腺良恶性肿瘤的鉴别诊断提供了重要依据.肿瘤间质中新生微血管密度、形态、分布、结构及功能的差异性是影像学评价肿瘤血管生成的基础.     

超声造影定量分析对乳腺良恶性肿瘤血流灌注异质性的评价

目的 探讨乳腺良恶性肿瘤的血流灌注特征.方法 应用实时灰阶超声造影时间-强度曲线定量分析技术检测瘤灶边缘及中心部区域灌注参数及平均灌注参数峰值强度、曲线下面积、达峰时间、廓清时间,光、电镜观察瘤内新生血管显微结构及超微结构改变.结果 恶性组时间-强度曲线形态多数(87.88%,29/33)呈速升缓降型,良性组多数(80.00%,27/34)呈缓升速降型.恶性组平均曲线下面积、廓清时间大于良性组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),平均峰值强度、达峰时间两组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).恶性组病灶边缘各灌注参数与中心区域相比差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),良性组病灶边缘各灌注参数与中心区域相比差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).光镜下恶性组90.91%(30/33)见坏死灶,间质中见弥漫分布粗细不均的新生血管,血管丰富区位于癌巢边缘,异常扩张的大血管和裂隙状的新生血管并存.良性组均未见坏死灶,血管管径和分布均一.电镜下恶性组新生血管内皮细胞超微结构具有不同于正常血管内皮细胞的分裂旺盛的特征,癌灶边缘以扩张、迂曲的大血管为多,癌灶中心常见狭窄、闭塞的幼稚新生血管及固缩、变形的内皮细胞、周细胞.结论 实时超声造影灌注曲线形态、各灌注指标及不同灌注区域灌注指标的差异为乳腺良恶性肿瘤的鉴别诊断提供了重要依据.肿瘤间质中新生微血管密度、形态、分布、结构及功能的差异性是影像学评价肿瘤血管生成的基础.